Sediment Content in Antarctic Iceberg Fragments Sufficient to Sink the Ice

Iceberg fragments recovered from the sea floor near Swift Glacier, Antarctica, contained sufficient sediment to sink the ice. Sediment concentrations in the samples would have caused them to settle at 0.13 to 0.35 m/s through the water column. Impact with the sea floor would significantly turbate soft sediments. Unlike sediment dumped from icebergs, the stratigraphy of the frozen sediments created by glacial processes may be preserved in the marine sedimentary record after melting of the ice. Negatively buoyant berg fragments may be common in polar regions, and when driven by currents may scour the sea floor up and down slopes unlike floating ice.Des fragments d’icebergs recueillis sur le fond océanique, près du glacier de Swift, en Antarctique, contenaient suffisamment de sédiments pour couler à une vitesse de 0,13 à 0,35 m/s. La collision de tels fragments avec le plancher marin entraînerait un brassage important des sédiments mous. Au contraire de celle de sédiments délestés par les icebergs, la stratigraphie de ces sédiments gelés résultant de processus glaciaires peut être préservée au sein des dépôts marins après la fonte des fragments de glace dans lesquels ils sont emprisonnés. Ces fragments, dont la densité est supérieure à celle de l’eau, pourraient être communs dans les régions polaires et causer, sous l’action des courants, un labourage ascendant et descendant des pentes des fonds marins, contrairement aux glaces flottantes

Foehn winds link climate-driven warming to ice shelf evolution in Antarctica

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120 (2015): 11,037–11,057, doi:10.1002/2015JD023465.Rapid warming of the Antarctic Peninsula over the past several decades has led to extensive surface melting on its eastern side, and the disintegration of the Prince Gustav, Larsen A, and Larsen B ice shelves. The warming trend has been attributed to strengthening of circumpolar westerlies resulting from a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), which is thought to promote more frequent warm, dry, downsloping foehn winds along the lee, or eastern side, of the peninsula. We examined variability in foehn frequency and its relationship to temperature and patterns of synoptic-scale circulation using a multidecadal meteorological record from the Argentine station Matienzo, located between the Larsen A and B embayments. This record was further augmented with a network of six weather stations installed under the U.S. NSF LARsen Ice Shelf System, Antarctica, project. Significant warming was observed in all seasons at Matienzo, with the largest seasonal increase occurring in austral winter (+3.71°C between 1962–1972 and 1999–2010). Frequency and duration of foehn events were found to strongly influence regional temperature variability over hourly to seasonal time scales. Surface temperature and foehn winds were also sensitive to climate variability, with both variables exhibiting strong, positive correlations with the SAM index. Concomitant positive trends in foehn frequency, temperature, and SAM are present during austral summer, with sustained foehn events consistently associated with surface melting across the ice sheet and ice shelves. These observations support the notion that increased foehn frequency played a critical role in precipitating the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf.National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Grant Numbers: ANT-0732983, ANT-0732467, ANT-0732921; NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Grant Number: DGE-1144086; NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program Grant Number: NNX12AN48H2016-05-0

Stratigraphic signature of the late Palaeozoic Ice Age in the Parmeener Supergroup of Tasmania, SE Australia, and inter-regional comparisons

Recent research in eastern Australia has established that rather than being a single, long-lived epoch, the late Palaeozoic Ice Age comprised a series of glacial intervals each 1–8 million years in duration, separated by non-glacial intervals of comparable duration. In order to test whether the glacial events recognized in New South Wales and Queensland have broader extent, we conducted a reappraisal of the Parmeener Supergroup of Tasmania, southeast Australia. A facies analysis of the Pennsylvanian to Permian section was carried out, allowing rationalization of the succession into four recurrent facies associations: a) glacigenic facies association, restricted to the basal Pennsylvanian/earliest Permian Wynyard Formation and correlatives, b) glacially/cold climate-influenced to open marine shelf facies association, which accounts for large parts of the Permian succession, c) deltaic facies association, which specifically describes the Lower Permian “Lower Freshwater Sequence” interval, and d) fluvial to estuarine facies association, which specifically addresses the Upper Permian Cygnet Coal Measures and correlatives. Indicators of sediment accumulation under glacial influence and cold climate are restricted to four discrete stratigraphic intervals, all of which indicate that glaciation was temperate in nature. The lowermost of these, incorporating the basal Wynyard Formation and its correlatives, and overlying Woody Island Formation, shows evidence of proximal glacial influence (subglacial, grounding-line fan and ?fjordal facies), and is likely a composite of one or more Pennsylvanian glacial event(s) and an earliest Permian (Asselian) glacial. The second, of late Sakmarian to early Artinskian age, comprises an initial more proximal ice-influenced section and an overlying more distal ice-influenced interval. The third (Kungurian to Roadian) and fourth (Capitanian) intervals are both distal glacimarine records. The four intervals are of comparable age to glacials P1–P4, respectively, recognized in New South Wales and Queensland (notwithstanding apparent discrepancies of \u3c 2 million years in age), and display similar facies characteristics and vertical contrasts to those intervals. Accordingly, it is concluded that the late Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Tasmania preserves a glacial/cold climate record correlatable to that of mainland eastern Australia, lending support to the hypothesis that these events were widespread across this portion of Gondwana

Magnetic stratigraphy and sedimentology of Holocene glacial marine deposits in the Palmer Deep, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica: implications for climate change? Marine Geology 152

Abstract The Palmer Deep is a closed bathymetric depression on the Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. It contains three separate sub-basins. These basins lie along a northeast-southwest axis with water depths ranging from >1400 m to the southwest (Basins II and III) to just over 1000 m to the northeast (Basin I). Six sediment piston cores were collected from the study region; these cores clearly demonstrate the varied sediment character for each basin. Sediments in Basin I are laminated and thinly bedded consisting of diatomaceous, pelagic=hemipelagic sediments, siliciclastic, terrigenous sediments, and ice rafted, hemipelagic sediments. In concurrence with other investigators, we propose that these laminations and thin beds represent climatically forced productivity cycles. Basin II and Basin III sediments alternate between pelagic=hemipelagic units and bio-siliceous mud turbidites. Correlations between cores are based on their remarkable magnetic susceptibility (MS) records which indicate alternating biogenic (low MS) and siliciclastic (high MS) dominated sedimentation; the bio-siliceous mud turbidites are characterized by intermediate to low MS values. Cores taken from within the main axis of the basins are expanded ultra-high resolution sections. A core collected on the sill between Basins II and III represents a condensed sediment section and may contain a complete Holocene record of changing paleoenvironments, one that records the transition from a glacial, ice shelf environment to an open marine, Holocene environment. A sharp drop in magnetic susceptibility at mid-core is a common sedimentological feature of each basin. Presently, we favor a climate change hypothesis for this magnetic lithostratigraphic transition which may reflect the termination of the Holocene Hypsithermal and a marked change in productivity dated ca. 2500 years BP

Grounding-zone wedges and mega-scale glacial lineations in the Mertz Trough, East Antarctica

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46 (2016): 241-242, doi:10.1144/M46.175.Glacial erosion and deposition have shaped the Mertz Trough, East Antarctica, where seafloor grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) are associated with mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) (McMullen et al. 2006). GZWs form along grounded glacial margins constrained by ice shelves during stillstands and consist of wedge-shaped glacially transported sediment (Powell & Domack 2002). MSGLs are parallel elongate bedforms that typically form in soft sediments beneath rapidly flowing ice streams (Clark 1993; Canals et al. 2000; Clark et al. 2003). They are found in glacial troughs, usually parallel to trough margins. MSGLs are generally 6 to >100 km long, 200–1300 m wide and spaced 0.3–5 km apart, crest-to-crest (Clark et al. 2003; McMullen et al. 2006)

Antarctic sediment chronology by programmed-temperature pyrolysis : methodology and data treatment

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008): Q04005, doi:10.1029/2007GC001816.We report a detailed programmed-temperature pyrolysis/combustion methodology for radiocarbon (14C) dating of Antarctic sub-ice shelf sediments. The method targets the autochthonous organic component in sediments that contain a distribution of acid-insoluble organic components from several sources of different ages. The approach has improved sediment chronology in organic-rich sediments proximal to Antarctic ice shelves by yielding maximum age constraints significantly younger than bulk radiocarbon dates from the same sediment horizons. The method proves adequate in determining isotope ratios of the pre-aged carbon end-member; however, the isotopic compositions of the low-temperature measurements indicate that no samples completely avoided mixing with some proportion of pre-aged organic material. Dating the unresolved but desired young end-member must rely on indirect methods, but a simple mixing model cannot be developed without knowledge of the sedimentation rate or comparable constraints. A mathematical approach allowing for multiple mixing components yields a maximum likelihood age, a first-order approximation of the relative proportion of the autochthonous component, and the temperature at which allochthonous carbon begins to volatilize and mix with the autochthonous component. It is likely that our estimation of the cutoff temperature will be improved with knowledge of the pyrolysis kinetics of the major components. Chronology is improved relative to bulk acid-insoluble organic material ages from nine temperature interval dates down to two, but incorporation of inherently more pre-aged carbon in the first division becomes more apparent with fewer and larger temperature intervals.The project was paid for in part by NSF research grants OPP 02-30089 and OPP 03-38142 to Hamilton College (E. Domack) and NSF Cooperative Agreement OCE- 0228996 to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

A new US polar research vessel for the twenty-first century

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 3 (2012): 204-207, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.96.Scientific and political interests at the poles are significant and rapidly increasing, driven in part by the effects of climate change and emerging geopolitical realities. The polar regions provide important services to global ecosystems and humankind, ranging from food and energy to freshwater and biodiversity. Yet the poles are experiencing changes at rates that far outpace the rest of the planet. Coastal Arctic communities are impacted by climate change through coastal erosion, sea level rise, ice loss, and altered marine food webs, threatening the future of their subsistence lifestyle. Climate change has dramatically increased the melt rate of ice sheets and glaciers at both poles and has the potential to significantly raise sea level worldwide. Oil and gas drilling as well as transportation in the Arctic have reached all-time high levels, in part because of reduced sea ice cover. Tourism is a growing industry at both poles, bringing more than 20,000 tourists each year to the western Antarctic Peninsula alone. The collateral effects of human activities include the potential for pollution of the marine environment, particularly through spills of hydrocarbons. Our ability to understand the effects of such activities and mishaps is limited, particularly in ice-covered areas during winter

Circumpolar Deep Water Impacts Glacial Meltwater Export and Coastal Biogeochemical Cycling Along the West Antarctic Peninsula

Warming along the Antarctic Peninsula has led to an increase in the export of glacial meltwater to the coastal ocean. While observations to date suggest that this freshwater export acts as an important forcing on the marine ecosystem, the processes linking ice–ocean interactions to lower trophic-level growth, particularly in coastal bays and fjords, are poorly understood. Here, we identify salient hydrographic features in Barilari Bay, a west Antarctic Peninsula fjord influenced by warm modified Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. In this fjord, interactions between the glaciers and ocean act as a control on coastal circulation, contributing to the redistribution of water masses in an upwelling plume and a vertical flux of nutrients toward the euphotic zone. This nutrient-rich plume, containing glacial meltwater but primarily composed of ambient ocean waters including modified Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, spreads through the fjord as a 150-m thick layer in the upper water column. The combination of meltwater-driven stratification, long residence time of the surface plume owing to weak circulation, and nutrient enrichment promotes phytoplankton growth within the fjord, as evidenced by shallow phytoplankton blooms and concomitant nutrient drawdown at the fjord mouth in late February. Gradients in meltwater distributions are further paralleled by gradients in phytoplankton and benthic community composition. While glacial meltwater export and upwelling of ambient waters in this way contribute to elevated primary and secondary productivity, subsurface nutrient enhancement of glacially modified ocean waters suggests that a portion of these macronutrients, as well any iron upwelled or input in meltwater, are exported to the continental shelf. Sustained atmospheric warming in the coming decades, contributing to greater runoff, would invigorate the marine circulation with consequences for glacier dynamics and biogeochemical cycling within the fjord. We conclude that ice–ocean interactions along the Antarctic Peninsula margins act as an important control on coastal marine ecosystems, with repercussions for carbon cycling along the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf as a whole

Reconstruction of ice-sheet changes in the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum

This paper compiles and reviews marine and terrestrial data constraining the dimensions and configuration of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) through deglaciation to the present day. These data are used to reconstruct grounding-line retreat in 5ka time-steps from 25kaBP to present. Glacial landforms and subglacial tills on the eastern and western Antarctic Peninsula (AP) shelf indicate that the APIS was grounded to the outer shelf/shelf edge at the LGM and contained a series of fast-flowing ice streams that drained along cross-shelf bathymetric troughs. The ice sheet was grounded at the shelf edge until ~20calkaBP. Chronological control on retreat is provided by radiocarbon dates on glacimarine sediments from the shelf troughs and on lacustrine and terrestrial organic remains, as well as cosmogenic nuclide dates on erratics and ice moulded bedrock. Retreat in the east was underway by about 18calkaBP. The earliest dates on recession in the west are from Bransfield Basin where recession was underway by 17.5calkaBP. Ice streams were active during deglaciation at least until the ice sheet had pulled back to the mid-shelf. The timing of initial retreat decreased progressively southwards along the western AP shelf; the large ice stream in Marguerite Trough may have remained grounded at the shelf edge until about 14calkaBP, although terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide ages indicate that thinning had commenced by 18kaBP. Between 15 and 10calkaBP the APIS underwent significant recession along the western AP margin, although retreat between individual troughs was asynchronous. Ice in Marguerite Trough may have still been grounded on the mid-shelf at 10calkaBP. In the Larsen-A region the transition from grounded to floating ice was established by 10.7-10.6calkaBP. The APIS had retreated towards its present configuration in the western AP by the mid-Holocene but on the eastern peninsula may have approached its present configuration several thousand years earlier, by the start of the Holocene. Mid to late-Holocene retreat was diachronous with stillstands, re-advances and changes in ice-shelf configuration being recorded in most places. Subglacial topography exerted a major control on grounding-line retreat with grounding-zone wedges, and thus by inference slow-downs or stillstands in the retreat of the grounding line, occurring in some cases on reverse bed slopes