Assessment of Virgin Olive Oil Adulteration by a Rapid Luminescent Method

The adulteration of virgin olive oil with hazelnut oil is a common fraud in the food industry, which makes mandatory the development of accurate methods to guarantee the authenticity and traceability of virgin olive oil. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of a rapid luminescent method to characterize edible oils and to detect adulterations among them. A regression model based on five luminescent frequencies related to minor oil components was designed and validated, providing excellent performance for the detection of virgin olive oil adulteration

El fracaso escolar como exclusión educativa: comprensión, políticas y prácticas

El artículo ofrece una lectura del fracaso escolar desde la perspectiva de la exclusión social y educativa. Tras poner de relieve determinadas ambigüedades, problemas y paradojas ligados al término borroso de «fracaso escolar», recurre a algunas de las contribuciones conceptuales y teóricas que vienen elaborándose en los estudios sobre la exclusión social. Aunque el concepto mismo de exclusión es elástico, hay amplias coincidencias en lo que se refiere a diversas privaciones a las que son sometidas las personas que son apartadas de bienes, recursos y derechos esenciales. Para precisar significados y discursos, políticas y prácticas implicadas en la exclusión educativa se argumenta acerca de la necesidad de clarificar, con la precisión conveniente, qué es aquello de lo que son privados algunos estudiantes y colectivos (aprendizajes esenciales imprescindibles), y se explica por qué el fracaso o la exclusión merecen ser entendidos como fenómenos procesuales, pues representan trayectorias y no acontecimientos aislados. Se presta una atención singular al carácter relacional del fracaso escolar que no es compresible sin atender a su relación con un determinado orden escolar que no solo lo constata y certifica, sino que también lo construye y justifica. La lógica dominante que lleva a culpar a las víctimas de sus fracasos –mecanismo que utiliza el orden vigente para protegerse a sí mismo–, está en la base de la exclusión educativa; se manifiesta en determinadas políticas que, incluso cuando pretendenincluir, solo lo hacen de forma insuficiente. El Programa de Diversificación Curricular, que se desarrolla en el sistema educativo español como una medida de respuesta a alumnos con serias dificultades es valorado desde la perspectiva de la exclusión educativa

Purification of surface-modified arc-discharge single-walled carbon nanotubes by centrifugation processes

Talk delivered at GDR-I GNT2013 conference, held at Guidel-Plages (France), from 8th-12th April 2013.Arc-discharge single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) demonstrate well-defined spectroscopic responses and a high structural quality. In addition, the arc-discharge technique allows the synthesis of relatively large amounts of material, and the product is available at moderate prices. However, pristine arc-discharge SWCNTs contain large amounts of impurities, including catalyst metals, graphitic particles, and amorphous carbon. Well-purified commercial samples are expensive since current purification processes are time consuming and have low yields. Liquid media, which are necessary for the purification, change the physical aggregation of the SWCNTs or modify its chemical reactivity. Therefore, chemical studies on high-purity arc-discharge SWCNTs are limited. In this communication, we present our results on SWCNT purification by centrifugation or ultracentrifugation in aqueous media. More specifically, we study the influence of surface chemistry on the separation of arc-discharge SWCNTs from their impurities during the centrifugation. The results of processing chemically modified materials are analyzed in terms of graphitic and amorphous carbon impurities, residual metal content, and SWCNT spectral characteristics.Peer reviewe

Gender development inequalities epidemiology in Spain (1990-2000)

Fundamento: El género es un determinante de la salud importante para las Políticas de Salud Pública. Este estudio describe los cambios en las desigualdades del desarrollo de género en España y sus Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA) en la década 1990 y 2000. Métodos: Estudio ecológico del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y el Índice de Desarrollo de Género (IDG) y sus componentes por sexo (educación, ingresos y esperanza de vida al nacer). Resultados: El IDG de España ha crecido en un 5,05% en los años 90. Pero, mientras que en 1990 el 51,5% de la población estaba ubicada por encima del IDG promedio español en 2000 disminuyó al 46,3%. Asturias: 3,37%, Cantabria: 3,68% e Islas Baleares: 3,71% son las de menor crecimiento; Madrid: 6,46% y Extremadura: 6,75% las de mayor. Todas las CCAA. tienen un valor de IDG menor que de IDH. Ambos sexos tuvieron un crecimiento promedio similar en la esperanza de vida (Hombres: 5% y Mujeres: 4%) manteniéndose las diferencias, aunque se detectan variaciones según CCAA. En educación, las mujeres mejoraron el doble que los hombres (Hombres: 3% y Mujeres: 6%), siendo Cataluña, Aragón, Madrid, Baleares y Galicia las de mayor igualdad. Pese a que las mujeres mejoraron el triple que los hombres en el índice de ingresos (Hombres: 3% y Mujeres: 9%), las diferencias persisten a favor de los hombres. Conclusiones: Las desigualdades en el desarrollo de género disminuyeron en los 90 en España, aunque la mejora de la educación, ingresos y esperanza de vida se produjo sólo en algunas CCAA, persistiendo diferencias interregionales.Background: Gender is an important health determinant for public health policies. This study describes the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions from 1990 to 2000. Methods: An ecological study using the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Development Index (GDI) was done. IDG both men and women was analysed according to indexes of education, income and life expectancy at birth. Results: Although the GDI has had an increase of 5,05% in the 90´s, 51,5% of the population was located above the global GDI of Spain in 1990, moreover this number decreased to 46,3% in 2000. Gender inequalities have been reduced both at national and regional levels. The regions with the lowest increase were Asturias (3.37%), Cantabria (3.68%) and Baleares Islands (3.71%). The regions with the highest increase were Madrid (6,46%) and Extremadura (6,75%). All the autonomous regions showed a number of GDI lower than the value of HDI. Both sexes achieved similar increase in life expectancy (Men: 5% and Women: 4%). An unequal variation was detected according to the autonomous region (Basque Country; Men: 7% and Women: 3%; Madrid; Men:8% and Women:5%). Women have improved their educational level in comparison to men (Men: 3% and Women: 6%). In the 90s, men obtained more income than women, but women improved their situation three times more than men. Conclusions: Inequalities in Human Development analysed by gender have been reduced in the 90s in Spain. However, the improvement of education, income and life expectancy occurred only in some autonomous regions. This situation shows the differences among Spanish autonomous regions.Observatorio de Salud de las Mujeres; Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo de España; Fundación Bancaja y Universidad de Alicante

An Overview of the Chemical Characteristics, Bioactivity and Achievements Regarding the Therapeutic Usage of Acetogenins from Annona cherimola Mill.

Annona cherimola Mill., or the custard apple, is one of the species belonging to the Annonaceae family, is widely used in traditional medicine, and has been reported to be a valuable source of bioactive compounds. A unique class of secondary metabolites derived from this family are Annonaceous acetogenins, lipophilic polyketides considered to be amongst the most potent antitumor compounds. This review provides an overview of the chemical diversity, isolation procedures, bioactivity, modes of application and synthetic derivatives of acetogenins from A. cherimola Mill.This work was financially supported by the 'Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad' (Project AGL2017-88083-R), Spain. F.J.R.M. thanks Universidad de Cadiz for predoctoral support under grant 2018-009/PU/EPIF-FPI-CT/CP

Epoxy composites with covalently anchored amino-functionalized SWNTs: Towards the tailoring of physical properties through targeted functionalization

First published on the web August 24th, 2011Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with covalently grafted amine moieties provides reactive fillers with potential for covalent anchoring to an epoxy matrix. Manufacturing and characterization of a high performance epoxy system reinforced with as-grown and aminated SWNTs are presented through four different approaches. Epoxy composite materials incorporating SWNTs aminated through sidewall addition reactions present enhanced mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, beyond the effect of unfunctionalized SWNTs. The functionalization pathways studied here lead to a composite with specific improvements in some of the physical properties of the epoxy matrix, which enables the tailored design of the composite's properties through functionalization. The amination via diazonium reaction with 4-aminobenzylamine is especially effective in enhancing the tensile and impact properties of the epoxy composites (44% improvement in impact strength at 0.1 wt% loading) and leads to the highest increase in elastic modulus reported so far for the integration of aminated nanotubes into epoxy resin. Composites incorporating aminated SWNTs throughout the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction stand out for their thermo-oxidative stability and thermomechanical properties. The incorporation of as-produced arc-discharge SWNTs into the TGAP/DDS epoxy matrix leads to composite materials with the highest electrical conductivity among all the studied samples. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.The present work was carried out with financial support from the NRC-CSIC collaboration project and fellowships from MICINN Spanish Ministry (FPU grant) and CAI-DGA and Europa XXI programmes. J.M.G.D. would like to thank Dr Benoit Simard and Dr Yadienka Martinez of SIMS-NRC for their close collaboration. Special thanks go to Prof. Maurizio Prato for kindly allowing a short research stay in his group, and his entire team. Epoxy reagents were received as a gift from Huntsman, which is gratefully acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

The transition to parenthood in Spain: Adaptations to ideals

The experience of the transition to parenthood in Spain in this edited volume is strongly influenced by the economic crisis, 2008-2014. The vast majority of the couples interviewed for this study spoke about the precariousness of the labour market, job insecurity and not being able to make ends meet on just one pay-check. When the interviewed Spanish parents-to-be added all the leaves they were entitled to – 16 weeks of maternity leave, two weeks of paternity leave, two to four weeks of breastfeeding leave and holiday leave – they ended up with approximately 6 months of paid leave. After that, in most cases, both parents had to return to paid work because of economic reasons. Despite most couples expressing reluctance to send under 1-year-olds to childcare centres, the interviewed parents-to-be planned to combine different kinds of care in the second half of the first year of their child’s life. Mothers planned to take part-time parental leave while using childcare services and asking grandparents for help with the child during their paid work hours. Spanish ideals about good motherhood and fatherhood were still rather traditional. In the interviews, mothers were considered ‘by nature’ closer to the child and responsible for childcare. Yet, we also saw signs of the ‘new fatherhood’ ideal, constructed in opposition to previous generations of distanced fathers. Some men were willing to become very involved in childcare and planned to adapt their jobs. In addition, the economic crisis was mirrored in the emergence of a group of ‘crisis dads’, consisting of unemployed men who envisioned themselves as the main carer in response to not being able to be the main provider.2016-1

Bio-Guided Isolation of Acetogenins from Annona cherimola Deciduous Leaves: Production of Nanocarriers to Boost the Bioavailability Properties

Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are lipophilic polyketides isolated exclusively from Annonaceae. They are considered to be amongst the most potent antitumor compounds. Nevertheless, their applications are limited by their poor solubility. The isolation of ACGs from Annona cherimola leaves, an agricultural waste, has not been reported to date. Molvizarin (1) cherimolin-1 (2), motrilin (3), annonacin (4) and annonisin (5) are isolated for the first time from A. cherimola deciduous leaves. Annonacin was found to be four- and two-times more potent in tumoral cells (HeLa, 23.6% live cells; IGROV-1, 40.8% live cells for 24 h) than in HEK-293 at 50 mu M (24 h, 87.2% live cells). Supramolecular polymer micelles (SMPMs) were synthesized to encapsulate the major ACG isolated, annonacin, in order to improve its solubility in aqueous media. The bioavailability of this compound was increased by a factor of 13 in a simulated human digestive system when compared with free annonacin and an encapsulation efficiency of 35% was achieved. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of SMPMs that hosted annonacin (100 mu M, 24 h, 5.8% live cells) was increased compared with free annonacin in water (100 mu M, 24 h, 92% live cells). These results highlight the use of by-products of A. cherimola, and their pure compounds, as a promising source of anticancer agents. The use of SMPMs as nanocarriers of ACGs could be an alternative for their application in food field as nutraceutical to enhance the administration and efficacy

Epoxy composites with covalently anchored amino-functionalized SWNTs: Towards the tailoring of physical properties through targeted functionalization

Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with covalently grafted amine moieties provides reactive fillers with potential for covalent anchoring to an epoxy matrix. Manufacturing and characterization of a high performance epoxy system reinforced with as-grown and aminated SWNTs are presented through four different approaches. Epoxy composite materials incorporating SWNTs aminated through sidewall addition reactions present enhanced mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, beyond the effect of unfunctionalized SWNTs. The functionalization pathways studied here lead to a composite with specific improvements in some of the physical properties of the epoxy matrix, which enables the tailored design of the composite's properties through functionalization. The amination via diazonium reaction with 4-aminobenzylamine is especially effective in enhancing the tensile and impact properties of the epoxy composites (44% improvement in impact strength at 0.1 wt% loading) and leads to the highest increase in elastic modulus reported so far for the integration of aminated nanotubes into epoxy resin. Composites incorporating aminated SWNTs throughout the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction stand out for their thermo-oxidative stability and thermomechanical properties. The incorporation of as-produced arc-discharge SWNTs into the TGAP/DDS epoxy matrix leads to composite materials with the highest electrical conductivity among all the studied samples. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.The present work was carried out with financial support from the NRC-CSIC collaboration project and fellowships from MICINN Spanish Ministry (FPU grant) and CAI-DGA and Europa XXI programmes. J.M.G.D. would like to thank Dr Benoit Simard and Dr Yadienka Martinez of SIMS-NRC for their close collaboration. Special thanks go to Prof. Maurizio Prato for kindly allowing a short research stay in his group, and his entire team. Epoxy reagents were received as a gift from Huntsman, which is gratefully acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

Effect of age and type of reinforcer in the equivalence-equivalence by a partition procedure

La respuesta de equivalencia – equivalencia (Barnes, Hegarty y Smeets, 1997), basada en la derivación sin entrenamiento explícito de respuestas relacionales, ha servido para fundamentar un modelo analítico – funcional de razonamiento analógico. Tradicionalmente, el procedimiento utilizado para la derivación de estas respuestas se ha basado en discriminaciones condicionales. En este trabajo se explora la utilización del procedimiento de partición para la formación de clases de equivalencia funcional de Vaughan (1988) como base para la derivación de estas relaciones más complejas en niños, investigando el papel del tipo de reforzador utilizado (primario o secundario) y la edad de los participantes (9-10 años o 12-13 años). Los resultados del experimento indican que el procedimiento de partición da lugar a la derivación de relaciones de equivalencia – equivalencia, con influencia de ambos factores: Los niños de mayor edad, y aquellos a los que se aplica reforzamiento primario aprenden la tarea en menos ensayos y derivan en mayor proporción la respuesta relacional. No se encontró interacción entre los factores. El procedimiento de partición puede aportar una nueva vía de investigación para esclarecer os prerrequisitos conductuales de esta importante habilidad.Equivalence – Equivalence responding (Barnes et al., 1997), based on derived or non-explicitly trained relational responding, supports a behaviour-analytic model of analogical reasoning. Conditional discriminations are the most common procedure used to train its prerequisites. In this exploratory work we test Vaughan’s (1988) simple discrimination procedure instead to derive Eq-Eq responses in children. Two factors were assessed: type of reinforcer used (primary or secondary) and age of participants (9-10 or 12-13 years). The procedure successfully leaded to the derivation of equivalence – equivalence responses, and both factors influenced the results: selecting older children and applying primary reinforcement leaded to faster learning and better results in the equivalence – equivalence test. No interaction between factors was found. This training procedure can provide a new way to investigate the behavioural prerequisites of this important abilit