A complex scenario of glacial survival in Mediterranean and continental refugia of a temperate continental vole species (Microtus arvalis) in Europe

Los autores de la UAM pertenecen al grupo Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG)"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 58.1 (2020): 459-474, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12323. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions"The role of glacial refugia in shaping contemporary species distribution is a long-standing question in phylogeography and evolutionary ecology. Recent studies are questioning previous paradigms on glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization pathways in Europe, and more flexible phylogeographic scenarios have been proposed. We used the widespread common vole Microtus arvalis as a model to investigate the origin, locations of glacial refugia, and dispersal pathways, in the group of “Continental” species in Europe. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal diffusion analysis (relaxed random walk model) of cytochrome b sequences across the species range, including newly collected individuals from 10 Iberian localities and published sequences from 68 localities across 22 European countries. Our data suggest that the species originated in Central Europe, and we revealed the location of multiple refugia (in both southern peninsulas and continental regions) for this continental model species. Our results confirm the monophyly of Iberian voles and the pre-LGM divergence between Iberian and European voles. We found evidence of restricted postglacial dispersal from refugia in Mediterranean peninsulas. We inferred a complex evolutionary and demographic history of M. arvalis in Europe over the last 50,000 years that does not adequately fit previous glacial refugial scenarios. The phylogeography of M. arvalis provides a paradigm of ice-age survival of a temperate continental species in western and eastern Mediterranean peninsulas (sources of endemism) and multiple continental regions (sources of postglacial spread). Our findings also provide support for a major role of large European river systems in shaping geographic boundaries of M. arvalis in Europ

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

I Congreso Nacional: La Ciencia en la Educación Infantil y Primaria

Documento PDF de 236 páginas donde se resume las conferencias, ponencias, comunicaciones y carteles presentados en el I Congreso Nacional "La Ciencia en la Educación Infantil y Primaria" celebrado los días 5,6,7 y 8 de septiembre de 2001. La organización del congreso estuvo a cargo del Grupo de Extensión Científica del IMAFF del CSIC (El CSIC en la Escuela) y de la Real Sociedad Española de Física.Resumen de las ponencias, comunicaciones y posters del I Congreso Nacional "La Ciencia en la Educación Infantil y Primaria" celebrado en Granada en septiembre de 2001. El objetivo de este congreso es propiciar el acercamiento del mundo de la Ciencia al de la enseñanza en las primeras etapas. La enseñanza de la Ciencia, concebida como parte de la cultura, es un elemento fundamental de los contenidos con los que un niño tiene que contar para afrontar un mundo de creciente complejidad, en el que la Ciencia irrumpe como ingrediente cotidiano. Despertar su curiosidad y espíritu crítico, fomentar la creatividad y desarrollar destrezas y actitudes, a la vez que se transmiten contenidos científicos, son actividades esenciales para ayudarle a entender un mundo en el que el valor de la observación y la experimentación adquieren la categoría de requisito en el nuevo humanismo.Real Sociedad Española de Física. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Matemáticas y Física Fundamental. Instituto de Historia. Universidad de Granada. Centro de Estudios Superiores Don Bosco. Centro de Apoyo al Profesorado de Vallecas. Parque de las Ciencias de Granada. Caja Duero. FECyTN

Guía metodológica para la implantación de desarrollos curriculares virtuales accesibles

La Formación Virtual tiene un crecimiento cada vez mayor no solo en las instituciones de educación superior, sino también en el aprendizaje en el trabajo, en la escuela, etc. En el ámbito de las instituciones de educación superior, se identifican sus tres funciones principales para lograr la meta de la institución de educación superior contemporánea: la enseñanza, la investigación y la extensión. En relación a la función de enseñanza, las plataformas educativas digitales y los nuevos espacios virtuales se encuentran presentes en la actualidad en muchas instituciones de educación superior en Iberoamérica. Sin embargo, al igual que las limitaciones físicas que puedan existir en los campus, tanto las plataformas como los desarrollos curriculares virtuales, presentan limitaciones hacia las personas con discapacidad. En general este obstáculo se presenta en general a cualquier persona que tenga una limitación temporal dependiente del medio con el que utiliza las plataformas virtuales. En el punto de vista de la función de extensión, se interpreta tanto como el objeto de llevar fuera de los muros de las instituciones el conocimiento al ámbito laboral, así como la proyección que responda a las demandas sociales. En el marco de la XXII Cumbre Iberoamericana de Jefes de Estado celebrada en Cádiz, España (2012), fue declarado el año 2013 como el Año Iberoamericano para la inclusión laboral de las Personas con Discapacidad. Esta declaración debe incentivar a las instituciones de educación superior a brindar a las personas con discapacidad, la oportunidad de obtener las competencias que le permitan ser incluidos en el ámbito laboral, tomando en cuenta que la formación virtual accesible aporta un gran valor inclusivo. Es por ello que debemos de buscar un diseño universal de nuestras propuestas de educación virtual. Adicionalmente los avances tecnológicos y culturales alrededor de Internet están produciendo diversos cambios rápidamente. Y es está rapidez la que exige a las instituciones de educación superior ejercer su función de investigación para adaptarse a las necesidades de la Sociedad de la Información, y de cierta forma perseguir el objetivo de liderar a través de la innovación en la educación esta evolución de la sociedad. Para ello las instituciones de educación superior deben de buscar la excelencia a través de procesos que aseguren la calidad en la formación virtual accesible desde una perspectiva holística, que involucre todos los procesos y fases de la formación virtual, y que a su vez la haga incluyente para todas las personas, es por esto último, el énfasis en la accesibilidad. Enfocar estos objetivos en Iberoamérica a través de actuaciones como algunas de la financiadas por la Comisión Europea a través del programa ALFA, provee una plataforma ideal promover el avance en la región. Uno de los proyectos financiado a través del programa ALFA III, es el proyecto “ESVI-AL (Educación Superior Virtual Inclusiva – América Latina): Mejora de la Accesibilidad en la Educación Superior Virtual en América Latina”. Como parte del proyecto ESVI-AL se ha elaborado esta guía metodológica para la implantación de los desarrollos curriculares virtuales accesibles. El objetivo de la guía es establecer un modelo de trabajo para el cumplimiento de requisitos y estándares de accesibilidad en el contexto de la formación virtual, especialmente a través de la Web. El modelo propuesto facilitará la elaboración de auditorías que permitan el diagnóstico de cumplimiento de normas de accesibilidad, y la mejora de la capacidad de madurez, respecto a la accesibilidad, de las instituciones de educación superior y en general para organizaciones de educación. Esta guía ha sido concebida como un instrumento de apoyo para todos los involucrados en proyectos educativos virtuales accesibles, principalmente para los docentes, pero también para el personal de gestión, administración y técnico de las instituciones que pretendan implantar actividades formativas virtuales inclusivas, en las que puedan participar en igualdad de condiciones estudiantes sin o con discapacidad. Lo que el lector va a encontrar en este libro es una propuesta de los procesos que debería implantarse en una institución de educación superior, pero también en cualquier organización o empresa de formación virtual, que esté comprometida con una educación inclusiva de calidad. En la guía se detallan las actividades y tareas que deberían llevarse a cabo e cada uno de los procesos definidos, así como los productos, técnicas, métodos, criterios de calidad y perfiles de participantes que deben tenerse en cuenta en cada fase de un proyecto educativo virtual que se llevará a cabo en un campus virtual accesible, es decir utilizable y practicables por todas las personas. Asegurar sistemas de educación inclusivos a todos los niveles debe ser un compromiso de todos los implicados en la educación. Los participantes en el proyecto ESVI-AL así lo entendemos, y esperamos y deseamos que esta modesta aportación del proyecto en forma de guía metodológica, contribuya a avanzar hacia el objetivo de conseguir una educación inclusiva. Este trabajo ha sido una realidad gracias a la estrecha colaboración en su organización entre los socios y colaboradores del proyecto del Programa ESVI-AL. Agradecer el trabajo llevado a cabo por los socios, colaboradores y, en especial, a los revisores externos, cuyas aportaciones y sugerencias han enriquecido la guía.No data (2013)UE

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective