Silver Mining and Social Conflict in Seventeenth-Century Peru: The War of the Nations in Laicacota, 1665-1667

In the mid-seventeenth century, there occurred in Laicacota, site of a rich silver strike in the Viceroyalty of Peru, a wave of social conflict. The violence arose from traditional peninsular regional animosities, known as the war of the nations, and pitted Basques against Andalusians, who were led by Gaspar de Salcedo. The unrest was exacerbated by Salcedo\u27s drive to make access to the mines an Andalusian monopoly. The Santiesteban administration was unable to halt the conflict, which it inadvertently encouraged by the appointment of a corregidor sympathetic to the Basques, Angelo de Peredo. After Santiesteban\u27s death, violence increased. The Andalusians, who recruited mestizos as allies, seemed to pose a threat to all Upper Peru. During the ineffectual interim government of the audiencia, the Andalusians and mestizos, many of whom Peredo had driven from Laicacota, invaded the camp with Salcedo\u27s help and encouragement. Peredo, bereft of support from the authorities in Lima, was eventually forced to return to the capital. Viceory Lemos arrived in Peru in 1667. Strongly influenced by a report Peredo submitted to the audiencia in 1666, he sought to restore order in Upper Peru by prosecuting Salcedo for treason and punishing some of his followers. A well-orchestrated conviction followed. The proceedings against Salcedo and his followers were the only treason trials held in seventeenth-century Peru. Salcedo\u27s sentence was later significantly reduced by the Council of the Indies in an unusual assumption of jurisdiction. The treason convictions and the playing out of Laicacota\u27s mines ended the social and racial conflict that threatened to cause disorders throughout Upper Peru

Pilot test of communication with a ‘Rapid Fire’ technique

Abstract An innovative communication training technique, ‘Rapid Fire’, was created to enhance communication and was incorporated into the debrief component of a simulation designed for correctional nurses to promote learning and engagement. The term ‘Rapid Fire’ was used to expose the critical time element that appears in the first five minutes of many crisis situations, where a quick relay of information and problem solving is essential; such as in a cardiac arrest or other rapidly deteriorating patient situations. This technique consists of a five-minute session prior to the structured debrief. During the ‘Rapid Fire’ portion of the debrief, all learners are together discussing the elements of the simulation and are permitted to dialog. They are encouraged to talk to one another, as the facilitator is not permitted to mediate during the five-minute period. The educator is actively listening to the team discussion. A sample of eighteen educators participated. The mean age of the participants was 43.2 years (range: 33-57) with an average of being employed approximately 3 years (range: 0-9) in their role as a correctional nurse educator. The average years as a simulation based educator was approximately 2.4 years. The majority of participants were female (89%). Responses to the 3-item open-ended survey were positive. Responses indicated that participants were engaged, civil and felt supported. One negative response indicated that more training was needed with real patients. It was concluded that learners were allowed to self-correct anything that was done or omitted during the stress of the simulation. Participation in this technique reinforced team collaboration that occurs in the clinical setting