« QUAND TU CONNAIS PLUS QU'UNE LANGUE ETRANGERE ÇA T'AIDE ». PROXIMITE LINGUISTIQUE DANS LES TRANSFERTS DES LOCUTEURS DU FRANÇAIS L2 ET DU FRANÇAIS L3

International audienceThe subject of this paper is to examine the link between linguistic proximity and abilities to acquire French in the context of mono and bilingual situations. In order to describe different types of possible transfers, our studies focus on both cases of respondents whose L1 and/or L2 is closely related to French and whose L1 and/or L2 is unrelated to French (Polish)

Academic careers: the value of individual mentorship on research career progression

The paper discusses how individual mentoring may impact positively on career pathway development for potential and future clinical academic researchers in nursing and allied health professions. Methods: The paper draws on a number of data sources and methodologies in order to fulfil the aims. Firstly, international literature provides an insight into mentoring processes and impact on career development. This is followed by a review of the mentoring experiences based on a UK study on the professorial populations in nursing and allied health professions. The final section reports on results of interviews with early and advanced researchers on their experiences of mentoring. Results: Individual mentoring is valued highly by health care professionals at all stages of career development. It is considered particularly useful when people are in transition towards a more challenging career role.Individuals in receipt of mentoring both formal and informal, report improved confidence in their cability to achieve their career goals. Mentees report improved levels of competence achieved through knowledge aquisition, networking and ability to probelm solve. Conclusions/Summary: Mentoring is considered an important process for health care professionals at all stages of their career. Opportunities to access and receive mentoring support for health care staff in the UK remain limited and sporadic in nature. There are examples of excellent mentoring schemes in place within some institutons and organisations but a national strategy to support mentoring has yet to be developed Key words: Clinical academic careers, mentoring, nursing, allied health profession

Conscientious objection – does it also apply to nursing students?

The conscientious clause in nursing can be defined as a kind of special ethical and legal regulation which gives nurses right to object to actively perform certain medical procedures which are against their personal system of values. Usually these values are associated with nurses’ religious beliefs, but not always. Scope of this regulation differs throughout the world. However, it is emphasized that right to the conscientious objection is not absolute and this regulation can not be used in cases of danger to life or serious damage to the health of the patient. Medical procedures to which nurses hold conscientious objection are often within reproductive health services. However, we can also find reports on the use of this right i.e. in end-of-life care and in the process of the implementation of medical experiments. The main issue underlined in the discussion regarding practising conscientious objection in the clinical setting is the collision of two human rights: the right to conscientious objection of medical personnel and the right of patients to specific medical procedures which are legal in their country. If a procedure is legally available in a country it means that patients can expect to receive it, on the other hand, all citizens, including health care workers, have the right to protect their moral identity and the right to object to the implementation of a procedure to which they have a specific objection. It is very difficult to find good ethical and legal balance between these two perspectives

Weather types at selected meteorological stations in Siberia

This paper presents the structure of weather types at four Siberian synoptic stations: Ostrov Kotelnyj, Verkhoyansk, Oymyakon and Yakutsk. The analysis has been performed on the basis of data published in the Internet database of synoptic messages OGIMET for the period of December 1999 to November 2013. Types of weather were determined based on the modified classification of weather types by Ferdynus (1997, 2004, 2013). The occurrence of particular groups, classes, and types of weather, and sequences of days with predominant weather types was identified. During the research period the structure of the weather types at the selected stations is characterized by a large number of observed types of weather, with the majority of them occurring with a low frequency. Frosty weather was predominant. The most frequently reported was the weather marked with numerical code 1100 (extremely frosty, clear without precipitation and calm) in Verkhoyansk (12.5%), 1300 (extremely frosty, cloudy without precipitation and calm) in Yakutsk (12.2%), 1200 (extremely frosty, partly clouded without precipitation and calm) in Oymyakon (11.6%) and 2201 (exceptionally frosty, partly clouded without precipitation and light breeze) in Ostrov Kotelnyj (6.7%)

Does lifestyle matter?: growth and Cortisol as measures of well-being in Ethiopian children

Well-being, in terms of anthropometry and salivary Cortisol, was compared in four groups of eighty children in Addis Ababa living markedly different lifestyles. The groups were street living children who lived and worked on the street, street working children who worked on the street while residing with their families, poor non street children who lived in impoverished urban households but did not work on the streets and middle class children who attended a private school. Results show middle class children to have better growth status than each of the three less privileged groups. More interestingly street working children are less underweight and wasted, and have higher body fat levels and mid upper arm circumference, than poor non street children. Street living children have higher body fat level than poor non street children, but do not differ on other measures. On no anthropometric measure are there differences between street living and street working children. In all groups girls showed better growth status than boys. No anthropometric measure correlates with Cortisol data. Mean Cortisol levels were found to be higher in street working and poor non street compared to street living and middle class children. Afternoon coefficient of variation was lower in street working children than each other group, though there were no differences between lifestyle groups for morning Cortisol variation. Cortisol profiles over six days are presented and discussed in relation to daily behaviour; the difficulty of interpreting these results is highlighted. The potential role of hormones in mediating between environment and lifestyle, and between health, well-being and behaviour, is exciting. This study makes an initial contribution to such work

The Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in the Central Nervous System of Humans and Rhesus Macaques

Alzheimer\u27s disease: AD) is the most common dementia, currently afflicting 30 million people worldwide, with prevalence steadily increasing. Over 99% of AD cases are classified as sporadic, in which the major risk factors are age: greater than 65 years) and the ApoE-ε4 allele: in a gene dose dependent manner). The minority of AD cases: less than 1%) are caused by autosomal dominant inheritance of a genetic mutation in one of three genes: Amyloid Precursor Protein: APP), Presenilin-1: PSEN1), or Presenilin-2: PSEN2). Mutation carriers will generally notice cognitive decline starting at a relatively young age, anytime between their 30s-50s, and eventually succumb to this early-onset AD. Early-onset AD may also be the result of an extra copy of the APP gene, as manifested in Down Syndrome: DS) patients, who universally develop AD. Alzheimer\u27s disease pathophysiology appears to revolve around APP. This transmembrane protein may be processed through one of two pathways. If APP is processed down the amyloidogenic: β-secretase) pathway, soluble APPβ: sAPPβ) will be released first, and with a subsequent cleavage, β-amyloid: Aβ), will be released into the brain where it could sequester into amyloid plaques, which are a major hallmark of AD. The other processing pathway is caused by cleavage of APP by α-secretase. This results in the release of soluble APPα: sAPPα), which precludes the release of Aβ, thus making this pathway non-amyloidogenic. Several studies have focused on measuring the products of APP cleavages in an effort to elucidate the pathophysiology of AD. These studies give a static view of APP because they measure absolute amounts of protein in single samples. However, proteins are constantly being produced, cleared, and aggregated which may result in protein concentrations fluctuating over time. Recently it was reported that Aβ exhibits a diurnal pattern, the definitive cause of which is still unknown. The general goal of this thesis is to determine the interplay of the α- and β;-secretase APP processing pathways in both physiological and pathophysiological settings in humans, to establish the human metabolism rates of total sAPP, sAPPα, and sAPPβ, and to determine whether drug intervention of one of the two APP pathways, would have an effect the other pathway. The aims of this thesis are: 1) To determine the extent of interdependence of the α-secretase and the β-secretase APP processing pathways in humans and whether β diurnal patterns were being driven by APP. Human cerebrospinal fluid: CSF) was collected hourly for 36 h, and concentrations of sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were measured by four metabolite-specific ELISAs. Parameters associated with diurnal patterns were compared among metabolites. Further, correlation analyses were used to determine if any correlation among metabolites at a single time-point was evident. Samples from Alzheimer\u27s patients, age-matched controls, and young healthy controls were analyzed. 2) To determine the physiological and pathophysiological metabolism of sAPPα and sAPPβ in humans. Total sAPP was isolated by immunoprecipitation from CSF of participants undergoing stable isotope labeling kinetics studies. Isolated sAPP underwent proteolytic cleavage by trypsin and turnover rates of total sAPP were determined by LC-MS and compared to turnover rates of Aβ. Isolated total sAPP that underwent proteolytic cleavage by Arginine-C produced some preliminary results that could lead to eventual determination of sAPPα or sAPPβ specific turnover rates in humans. 3) To determine the physiological metabolism of sAPPα and sAPPβ in rhesus macaques in comparison to Aβ metabolism and to determine if drug intervention of the β-secretase pathway by a BACE1 inhibitor would affect the α-secretase pathway. Soluble APPβ, sAPPα and Aβ were isolated from rhesus macaque CSF by serial immunoprecipitation. Monkeys were undergoing stable isotope labeling kinetics studies. Isolated APP metabolites underwent proteolytic cleavage by LysN, and then the turnover rates of these metabolites were measured by LC-MS to determine if the BACE1 inhibitor was hitting its target, and if it was having any effect of the α-secretase pathway