Multidimensional Analysis of Poverty in Mali

This paper studies the trends and patterns of poverty monetary and non-monetary to Mali from household surveys. Monetary poverty will be apprehended from consumer spending by head of household. The threshold poverty in 2011 was 175 513 XOF (320 USD) was estimated from the methods of the costs of basic needs. Non-monetary poverty on the other hand, will be measured from a composite indicator of poverty (CIP). The multiple correspondence analysis will be used to develop the composite indicator of poverty and the non-monetary threshold from the hierarchical classification. Poverty has declined at the national level regarding monetary and non-monetary from 2001 to 2011. This decline has been more important between 2006 and 2011 despite the increase in monetary inequalities and lower inequalities in living conditions. The rural areas remain more exposed to the two forms of poverty than urban. Indeed, monetary poverty rate increased from 58.8% in 2001 to 56.1% in 2006 to 35% in 2011. As for non-monetary poverty, the rate was 90.1% in 2001, compared to 81.8% in 2006 to 65.6 percent in 2011. Moreover, an increase in monetary and non-monetary poverty was observed between 2011 and 2013 depending on the environment of (urban and rural) homes in the regions of Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, Segou, Mopti and the national level.Poverty is positively correlated with the age of the head of household and the size of the household, and negatively correlated with the level of study. It touches more households headed by a man that those headed by women. Profile of non-monetary poverty as it evolves according to the years according to the following characteristics: sex, age, level of study, marital status of the chef of household and household size. Keywords: Poverty, Mali

Consumer behaviour: influence of place of residence on the decision-making process when choosing a tourist destination

Regarding the previous literature on the decision-making process when choosing a destination, this article tries to contribute to current literature by surveying inhabitants from the Bačka region (Vojvodina/Serbia) with respect to the aspect of place of residence on the purchase decision-making process which involves five different phases: need awareness, search for information, estimation of alternatives, decision about purchasing a tourist product or service, feedback after purchasing and discrimination coefficient. The results show that place of residence strongly affects all phases of the decision-making process. The researchers also managed to address the most sensible and vulnerable indicator of the decision-making process when choosing a destination

Socio-sanitary Aspects and Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in the Prefecture of Golfe (Togo)

Water is essential for life, but its quality is confronted with several problems, including insufficient hygiene and sanitation, which necessitate a contribution to improving the hygienic quality of drinking water. Adescriptive study of 129 randomly selected households was carried out in order to get an idea of the health risks associated with drinking water. Water samples (75) were analyzed using the standardized routine methods described by the European Union. These analyzes related to the following germs: total aerobic flora, total coliforms, thermo tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria and fecal streptococci. The results showed that 43.41% of households surveyed do not have a source of water at home. Water sources include wells, boreholes, and rainwater. Drinking water storage containers are not covered in 38.89% of the cases. Of the 60 households that have a water source and a latrine at the same time, 27 households or 45% have latrines within 15 meters of the water source. The microbiological analyzes showed that the drinking water samples analyzed are contaminated to varying degrees by the germs retained by the European Union criteria. Total germs and coliforms resulted in high levels of non-compliance. The waters of the storage containers were the most contaminated. Appropriate measures shall be taken for the monitoring and disinfection of these waters before their use

Hygienic quality of ready-to-eat salads sold in the street and a modern restaurant in Lomé, TOGO

Poisoning following salads consumption was often reported in Lomé. This study was carried out to evaluate contamination of salads sold in Lomé. Sixty salad samples from modern restaurant (Domino), seventy from street sellers and forty of fresh vegetables from two markets were randomly collected. Microbiological quality of samples was examined on the basis of AFNOR methods and criteria. Salad selling occurs in room temperature. That modern restaurant uses cold to preserve foods. Microbial analyzes revealed that, Total viable count (TVC) load ranged from 2.15x104 – 9.2x1010 and 1.8x103 – 2.7x107 with 10% and 86.66% of satisfactory quality samples respectively for Domino and Street salads. Total and thermo-tolerant coliforms load ranged from 60-3.4x106 and 0-6.2x103 respectively for street salads with 14.28% and 57.15% of satisfactory samples. Domino samples located between 0-7x103 and 0-2.5x103 with 96.66% and 81.33% of conformity respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated (0-2.5x103 and 0-103) respectively with 77.14% and 84.28% of satisfactory samples for street salads. These bacteria did not induce any conform samples. Salmonella spp were not found in salads and raw vegetable. Application of good hygiene practices rules would help to reduce disease risk related to the presence of pathogenic germs like E. coli and S. aureus.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Food poisoning, Vegetable food, microbiological safet

An importance-performance analysis of destination competitiveness factors: case of Jablanica district in Serbia

The principal aim of this paper was to explore destination competitiveness factors of Jablanica District (Serbia), by examining the attitudes of tourists. For research purposes, 32 attributes of destination competitiveness were rated with two parallel five-point Likert type scales – one by which tourists rated the importance of the attribute and the other by which they expressed their satisfaction with the same. A total of 378 validly completed questionnaires were collected and served as a basis for data analysis. By using a factor analysis, the most important destination competitiveness factors were extracted. Based on this factor solution, Importance-Performance Analysis (I.P.A.) was performed. Using I.P.A., this article examines the efficiency of the resources allocation based on isolated factors, and the possibility of creating management strategies to improve the competitiveness of this destination. The results of this study indicate that the factors of food and environment are of primary importance for tourists when choosing this tourism destination. Research results will be of great importance for tourism managers in the destination, as well as for authorities of local governments in the district, to better understand strengths and weaknesses of identified competitiveness factors and utilise them as a starting point for tourism development

Revue sur l’Ail et ses Composés Bioactifs

Introduction: Dans les pays en voie de développement, les problèmes du médicament se posent en termes d'insuffisance quantitative, qualitative et d'inaccessibilité économique. Pour pallier à ce problème, près de 80% de la population ont recours à la médecine traditionnelle. Cependant, la question n'est plus de démontrer l'efficacité de la médecine traditionnelle mais de s'en convaincre et convaincre les acteurs de la santé publique et des groupes de promotion de la santé. D’où notre objectif de vulgariser l’utilisation de l’ail par la population en montrant les composés bioactifs et les differentes formes d’ail et leur usage thérapeutique. Méthodologie: la recherche Littérature a été effectuée dans les bases de donnée de Medline, Google scholar, Research Gate, HINARI, Cochrane et livres en utilisant des mots clés tels que : Problématique des médicaments en Afrique, l’étude ethnobotanique, ethnomédecine, ethnopharmacologie, les composés bioactifs de l’ail. Cette recherche documentaire s’est faite sur la période du 08 juin 2018 au 23 Novembre 2018. La recherche a été étendue sur les formes d’ail, les données cliniques de l’utilisation de l’ail. Synthèse: L’ail est utilisé depuis des millénaires tant pour ses talents culinaires que ses propriétés thérapeutiques. Les principaux composés responsables des vertus thérapeutiques sont les composés organosulfureux dont leur présence et concentration dépend de la forme d’ail utilisé. Conclusion: L’ail, permet de lutter contre certains germes infectieux de la peau et contre les parasites. Il est aussi utilisé dans le traitement de l’hypertension artérielle, de la coagulation du sang et l’hypercholestérolémie. Ainsi, il est recommandé de consommer des préparations conditionnées et standardisées de l’ail pour bénéficier de ses vertus.Introduction: The availability and accessibility of medicines remains a real concern in developing countries. In the context of low economic income, most of the population (80%) uses traditional medicine. The effectiveness of traditional medicine has been well established. This study suggests that public health actors and health promotion groups in developing countries use herbal medicine as an alternative to the problem of the effectiveness of chemical synthesis drugs. This paper focuses on evaluating the use of different forms of garlic by the population and the bioactive compounds of this plant. Methodology: A literature review was conducted in the Medline, Google Scholar, Research Gate, HINARI, and Cochrane databases using keywords such as Drugs in Africa, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Ethnopharmacology, Garlic Forms, and Compounds bioactives of garlic. Results: The use of garlic is as old as humanity especially in cooking and disease therapy. The main compounds responsible for the therapeutic virtues are the organosulfur compounds, and its concentration of which depends on the shape of the garlic. Conclusion: Garlic can fight against skin infections, blood pressure drop, prevent blood clotting and hypercholesterolemia. Based on this study, it is recommended to consume conditioned and standardized garlic preparations in order to benefit from its virtues

Safety of yam-derived (Dioscorea rotundata) foodstuffs—chips, flakes and flour: Effect of processing and post-processing conditions

The production of yam-derived (Dioscorea rotundata) foodstuffs is mainly performed by small and medium scale processors that employ old traditional methods. This can lead to differences in quality from processor to processor, and from location to location, with consequent safety concerns. As such, the effects of processing and post-processing phases (i.e., storage, transport, etc.) on the safety of some yam-derived foodstuffs—namely chips, flakes, and flour—has been evaluated, with a focus on bacterial and fungal contamination, aflatoxins, pesticides, and heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd and Hg). Yams harvested and processed in Nigeria were screened, being that the country is the largest producer of the tuber, with 70–75% of the world production. Results highlighted no presence of pesticides, however, many samples showed high levels of bacterial and fungal contamination, together with heavy metal concentrations above the recommended safety levels. No trend was observed between the items considered; it was noticed, however, that samples purchased from the markets showed higher contamination levels than those freshly produced, especially regarding bacterial and aflatoxins presence. The processing stage was identified as the most critical, especially drying. Nonetheless, post-processing steps such as storage and handling at the point of sale also contributed for chemical contamination, such as aflatoxin and heavy metals. The results suggested that both the processing and post-processing phases have an impact on the safety of yam chips, flakes, and flour

How income influences the choice of tourism destination?

This paper tries to contribute to the literature that covers the issues of the decision-making process when choosing a tourism destination by conducting a survey among the inhabitants of the Bačka region (province of Vojvodina in the Republic of Serbia). Following the information-processing theory, the decision-making process is defined with the five phases: need awareness, information search, estimation of alternatives, purchase, and purchase evaluation. 252 respondents took part in the research. Multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and discriminative analysis were used in the statistical procedure of data analysis. The results show that the level of income does not affect the first phase of need awareness, but strongly affects all the other phases of the decision-making process. The researchers also managed to address the most sensitive and vulnerable indicators of the decision-making process. Finally, comprehensive management implications for practitioners are discussed