Virus bronzavosti paradajza – jedan od najdestruktivnijih biljnih virusa

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has one of the largest host ranges among plant viruses and is widespread in all climates. TSWV is responsible for numerous epidemics in many parts of the world in different crops, mainly vegetables, tobacco and ornamentals. Its highly polyphagous nature, effectiveness of virus transmission by the thrips as its vectors, rapidity with which new variants arise, as well as difficulties in controlling the vectors make TSWV one of the most dangerous plant viruses. The ability of this virus to cause such severe losses on a broad range of crops, as well as its intriguing biological and molecular characteristics place TSWV amongst the most extensively studied plant viruses in the world at present. This paper provides a general overview of TSWV, encompassing all the major aspects of its biology and current knowledge on host range, symptomatology, molecular biology, vector relationship, control and diagnosis.Smatra se da virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) ima najširi krug domaćina i da je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih biljnih virusa. Ovaj virus je odgovoran za brojne epidemije na različitim usevima u mnogim delovima sveta, a najčešće na povrću, duvanu i ukrasnim biljkama. Visoko polifagna priroda virusa, efikasnost prenošenja vektorima – tripsima, brzina kojom se stvaraju nove varijante virusa, kao i teškoće u kontroli vektora, čine TSWV jednim od najopasnijih biljnih virusa. Zbog ekonomske važnosti na širokom krugu domaćina, kao i interesantnih bioloških i molekularnih karakteristika, ovo je danas jedan od najproučavanijih biljnih virusa. Ovaj pregledni rad o virusu bronazavosti paradajza bliže objašnjava sve aspekte njegove biologije i sadrži savremene podatke o nekim njegovim osobinama koje se odnose na niz domaćina, simptomatologiju, molekularnu biologiju, odnos sa vektorom, kontrolu i dijagnozu oboljenja koje prouzrokuje

Uticaj neravnomerne distribucije virusa bronzavosti paradajza na serološko dokazivanje virusa u paradajzu, paprici i ukrasnim biljkama

Reliable detection of plant pathogens does not only mean the development of sufficiently sensitive laboratory techniques for their routine testing. Regardless of the sensitivity of applied methods, the proper selection of samples to be tested has crucial influence on method reliability. Due to uneven distribution of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in naturally infected systemic host plants, the collection and sampling of material for assaying is a critical moment upon which the reliability of laboratory procedure depends. The effect of irregular virus distribution on its serological detection was examined in tomato, pepper and four ornamental species, as its most important host plants in our country. The reliability of virus detection, depending on its uneven distribution, was assessed by serological testing of tomato and pepper symptomatic leaves and fruits, and symptomatic and asymptomatic young and old leaves, as well as flower petals of ornamentals. Although TSWV was detected using ELISA in the majority of plants included in the experiment, the tests indicated an uneven distribution and unequal concentrations of TSWV in different parts of the plants. The virus could not be detected in a certain number of subsamples, prepared from infected tomato and pepper fruits and older ornamental leaves. The virus also could not be detected in some ornamentals and tomato plants with intensive symptoms. Conversely, the virus was detected in three ornamental plants without any symptoms. Examining the virus distribution in different plant parts indicated that the reliability of ELISA could be reached not only by sampling younger ornamental leaves, but also by preparing compound samples with as much leaves as possible, or by testing a greater number of subsamples of the tested plant. Considering a small possibility of TSWV detection in tomato and pepper fruits, the infection of these should be established by testing their leaves. Besides, the data show that negative test results for the known host plants with characteristic symptoms require tests to be repeated using more sensitive methods than ELISA. These results are important as guidelines for growers and professionals who submit samples, as well as for laboratories performing routine testing.Pouzdana detekcija fitopatogenih organizama ne podrazumeva samo razvijanje dovoljno osetljivih laboratorijskih tehnika za rutinsko testiranje. Bez obzira koliko primenjene metode bile osetljive, na njihovu pouzdanost presudno utiče pravilan izbor uzoraka koji će se testirati. Za virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), zbog neravnomerne distribucije u sistemično zaraženim biljkama domaćinima, prikupljanje i priprema uzoraka za testiranje predstavljaju kritični momenat od koga zavisi pouzdanost laboratorijske metode. Sprovedena su ispitivanja uticaja neravnomerne distribucije virusa u paradajzu, paprici i četiri vrste ukrasnih biljaka, kao najznačajnijim domaćinima ovog virusa u našoj zemlji. Pouzdanost detekcije virusa, u zavisnosti od njegove neravnomerne distribucije, utvrđivana je serološkim testiranjem lišća i plodova paradajza i paprike sa simptomima i simptomatičnog i asimptomatičnog mlađeg i starijeg lišća, kao i kruničnih listića ukrasnih biljaka. Iako je primenom ELISA metode TSWV dokazan u većini biljaka uključenih u eksperiment, obavljena testiranja ukazala su na neravnomernu distribuciju i različitu koncentraciju TSWV u različitim delovima biljaka. Prisustvo virusa nije moglo biti dokazano u određenom broju poduzoraka pripremljenih od zaraženih biljaka, plodova paradajza i paprike i starijeg lišća ukrasnih biljaka. Virus nije mogao biti detektovan ni u nekim ukrasnim biljkama i biljkama paradajza sa izraženim simptomima. Nasuprot tome, TSWV je dokazan u tri ukrasne biljke bez simptoma. Ispitivanja distribucije virusa u biljci ukazala su da se pouzdanost ELISA metode može postići uzorkovanjem ne samo mlađeg lišća ukrasnih biljaka, već pripremom zbirnog uzorka sa što više listova ili ispitivanjem većeg broja poduzoraka biljke koja se testira. S obzirom na malu mogućnost detekcije TSWV u plodovima paradajza i paprike, utvrđivanje zaraženosti ovih biljaka treba obaviti testiranjem lišća. Pored toga, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je u slučaju pojave negativnih rezultata testiranjem uzoraka sa karakterističnim simptomima na poznatim domaćinima, potrebno ponoviti testiranje osetljivijim metodama od ELISA. Dobijeni rezultati značajni su kao smernica za proizvođače i stručna lica koja dostavljaju uzorke i laboratorije zadužene za rutinska testiranja

Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusa uljane tikve i molekularna detekcija virusa žutog mozaika cukinija

Over the past decade, intensive spread of virus infections of oilseed pumpkin has resulted in significant economic losses in pumpkin crop production, which is currently expanding in our country. In 2007 and 2008, a survey for the presence and distribution of oilseed pumpkin viruses was carried out in order to identify viruses responsible for epidemics and incidences of very destructive symptoms on cucurbit leaves and fruits. Monitoring and collecting samples of oil pumpkin, as well as other species such as winter and butternut squash and buffalo and bottle gourd with viral infection symptoms, was conducted in several localities of Vojvodina Province. The collected plant samples were tested by DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antisera specific for the detection of six most economically harmful pumpkin viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMW), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) that are included in A1 quarantine list of harmful organisms in Serbia. Identification of viruses in the collected samples indicated the presence of three viruses, ZYMV, WMV and CMV, in individual and mixed infections. Frequency of the identified viruses varied depending on locality and year of investigations. In 2007, WMV was the most frequent virus (94.2%), while ZYMV was prevalent (98.04%) in 2008. High frequency of ZYMV determined in both years of investigation indicated the need for its rapid and reliable molecular detection. During this investigation, a protocol for ZYMV detection was developed and optimized using specific primers CPfwd/Cprev and commercial kits for total RNA extraction, as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR reaction using these primers, a DNA fragment of approximately 1100 bp, which included coat protein gene, was amplified in the samples of infected pumkin leaves. Although serological methods are still useful for large-scale testing of a great number of samples, this protocol, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, is an important improvement in rapid diagnosis of diseases caused by this virus. In addition, the protocol provides a basis for further characterization of ZYMV isolates originating from Serbia.Intenzivno širenje virusa infektivnih za uljanu tikvu (Cucurbita pepo), poslednjih deset godina imalo je za posledicu značajne ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji ove kulture koja se gaji na sve većim površinama u našoj zemlji. Kako bi se identifikovali virusi, odgovorni za epidemijsku pojavu i ispoljavanje veoma destruktivnih simptoma na lišću i plodovima uljane tikve, tokom 2007. i 2008. sprovedeno je ispitivanje njihove pojave i rasprostranjenosti. Pregled i sakupljanje uzoraka uljane tikve, kao i nekih drugih vrsta tikava, kao što su bundeva, muskatna i bizonska tikva i vrg sa simptomima virusnih zaraza, obavljeno je na više različitih lokaliteta gajenja uljane tikve u Vojvodini. Sakupljeni uzorci testirani su DAS-ELISA metodom primenom poliklonalnih antiseruma specifičnih za detekciju u svetu šest ekonomski najznačajnijih virusa tikava: virusa mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virusa žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), virusa mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMW), virusa mozaika bundeve (Squash mosaic virus, SqMV), virusa prstenaste pegavosti papaje (Papaya ringspot virus, PRSV) i virusa prstenaste pegavosti duvana (Tobacco ringspot virus, TRSV), koji se nalazi na A1 karantinskoj listi štetnih organizama u Srbiji. Identifikacija virusa u sakupljenim uzorcima ukazala je na prisustvo tri virusa, ZYMV, WMV i CMV, koji su se javili u pojedinačnim ili mešanim infekcijama. Njihova učestalost je po pojedinim godinama i lokalitetima bila različita. Tokom 2007. najčešće je dokazan WMV (94,2%), dok je 2008. godine prevalentan virus bio ZYMV (98,04%). Velika učestalost ZYMV u obe godine ispitivanja ukazala je na potrebu za brzom i pouzdanom molekularnom detekcijom ovog virusa. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimizovan protokol za detekciju ZYMV primenom specifičnih prajmera CPfwd/CPrev i komercijalnih kitova za ekstrakciju ukupne RNA i RT-PCR. Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, kojim se amplifikuje deo genoma ZYMV kojim je obuhvaćen i gen za proteinski omotač, umnožen je DNK fragment dužine oko 1100 bp iz lišća zaraženih biljaka. Mada serološke metode i dalje imaju veliku prednost u primeni za masovna testiranja velikog broja uzoraka, razvijeni protokol molekularne detekcije, zbog visoke osetljivosti i specifičnosti predstavlja značajno poboljšanje brze dijagnoze oboljenja koja ovaj virus izaziva. Osim toga, ovaj protokol pruža osnovu za dalju karakterizaciju ZYMV izolata poreklom iz Srbije

Identifikacija sojeva virusa crtičastog mozaika krompira na duvanu

Five viruses: Potato Virus Y (PVY), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus, of which PVY was predominant, were detected by serological testing of tobacco samples collected from many localities in Vojvodina in 2006. Viruses are the most important pathogens in tobacco and PVY causes considerable economic damages all over the world. A PVY population comprises several different strain groups, strain subgroups and recombinant strains. Among these, PVYN (necrotic strain) and PVYO (ordinary strain) cause the greatest yield and quality losses in tobacco. Identification of a prevalent strain in a PVY population is the basis of proper tobacco genotype selection for resistance against this significant virus. Typical symptoms caused by PVY were observed by monitoring tobacco crops in our country in 2006. The symptoms occurred as changes in the general plant appearance, as well as necrotic areas on leaves, petiols, stems and flowers. The initial symptoms of veinal necrosis were expanded throughout the leaf, causing reddish-brown (copper) plant color and premature death of lower leaves. Plants with these symptoms occurred in all monitored localities and their frequency was high. In order to understand various epidemiological aspects of the diseases caused by PVY and to prevent its occurrence and spreading in tobacco crops, it is necessary to properly identify this virus in time. Biological, serological and molecular identification of the virus and its prevalent strain was carried out in order to determine tobacco disease ethiology. The results obtained suggest that this prevalent strain of PVY has been spreading progressively in our country in recent years. Although PVYN is widely spread in tobacco crops in Europe, its destructiveness, disease intensity and wide distribution in Serbia were established only in the last two years. PVY necrotic strain was detected mainly in single infections, although it was also present in mixed infections with other tobacco viruses.Serološkim testiranjem uzoraka duvana prikupljenih u više lokaliteta u Vojvodini 2006. godine detektovani su Potato Virus Y (PVY), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus i Alfalfa Mosaic Virus, pri čemu je PVY bio dominantan. Virusi su najznačajniji prouzrokovači oboljenja duvana, a virus crtičastog mozaika krompira (PVY) izaziva ekonomski značajne štete širom sveta. Populaciju PVY čini više različitih grupa sojeva, podgrupa u okviru određenog soja i sojeva nastalih rekombinacijom. Od opisanih, PVYN (nekrotični soj) i PVYO (obični soj) prouzrokuju najveće gubitke u prinosu i kvalitetu duvana. Poznavanje predominantnog soja u populaciji PVY osnova je pravilne selekcije genotipova duvana otpornih na ovaj značajan virus. Pregledom useva duvana u Srbiji tokom 2006. godine, uočeni su tipični simptomi koje izaziva PVY. Simptomi su se ispoljavali u vidu promena opšteg izgleda biljaka, kao i nekrotičnih promena na lišću, peteljkama, stablu i cvetu. Početni simptomi nekroze nerava su se širili i zahvatali celu lisku, usled čega su biljke dobile crvenkastosmeđu (bakarnu) boju, a donje lišće je prevremeno izumiralo. Biljke sa ovakvim simptomima javljale su se u svim pregledanim lokalitetima, a učestalost pojave bila je veoma visoka. Kako bi se razumeli razni epidemiološki aspekti oboljenja koje izaziva PVY i sprečila njegova pojava i širenje u usevu duvana, neophodna je pravilna i pravovremena identifikacija virusa. U cilju razjašnjavanja etiologije izvršena je biološka, serološka i molekularna identifikacija virusa i njegovog prevalentnog soja koji je očigledno u progresivnom širenju poslednjih godina na duvanu u našoj zemlji. Iako je PVYN široko rasprostranjen na duvanu u Evropi, destruktivnost, visok intenzitet zaraze i široka rasprostranjenost ustanovljeni su u Srbiji tek poslednje dve godine. Nekrotični soj PVY detektovan je uglavnom u pojedinačnim infekcijama, mada je, u manjoj meri, dokazan i u mešanim infekcijama sa drugim virusima duvana

Biološka varijabilnost virusa žutog mozaika cukinija u Srbiji

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has become an important pathogen of cucurbits over the past 20 years. In our country, this virus also causes significant losses, especially in oil pumpkin production. Although ZYMV variability has been extensively studied worldwide by biological and molecular characterization, such information is still limited for the European region. Herein, we present the first analysis of phenotypic variations of ZYMV isolates sampled from oil pumpkin cv. Olinka from different locations in Serbia during 2008. Twelve isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculation on the C. pepo hybrid Ezra F1, and four of them were chosen for further detailed biological study. These investigated isolates exhibited different phenotypical features and thus represented different variants, concerning their host range, and type and severity of symptoms. A previously developed primer pair, ZYMV CPfwd/CPrev, was tested to determine its suitability for detection of Serbian ZYMV isolates. Amplification of Serbian ZYMV isolates of different origin, in single and mixed infection, resulted in one distinctive band. The used primer pair proved to be useful not only for routine molecular detection, but also for further molecular characterization of Serbian ZYMV isolates because it amplifies the hypervariable genomic region of ZYMV. The result obtained in this study is a contribution to investigation of genetic diversity of Serbian ZYMV isolates and their molecular relationship with ZYMV isolates from other parts of the world.Poslednjih 20 godina virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV) se javlja kao značajan patogen biljaka iz familije tikava. Kod nas ovaj virus, takođe, izaziva značajne gubitke, naročito u proizvodnji uljane tikve. Iako je biološka i molekularna varijabilnost ZYMV dosta ispitivana, još uvek nema dovoljno informacija o varijabilnosti evropskih izolata ovog virusa. Ovaj rad predstavlja prvu analizu fenotipske varijabilnosti izolata ZYMV poreklom iz Srbije, koji su tokom 2008. godine sakupljeni iz različitih lokaliteta gajenja uljane tikve sorte Olinka. Mehaničkim inokulacijama C. pepo hibrid Ezra F1, dobijeno je 12 izolata, od kojih su četiri odabrana za dalju biološku karakterizaciju. Na osnovu različitog kruga domaćina, tipa i jačine simptoma na test-biljkama, utvrđena je fenotipska varijabilnost ispitivanih izolata. Par prajmera ZYMV CPfwd/Cprev testiran je radi utvrđivanja pogodnosti za rutinsku detekciju izolata ZYMV poreklom iz Srbije. Na osnovu pojave traka očekivane veličine u gelu, ZYMV je detektovan i u pojedinačnim i mešanim infekcijama u biljkama sa različitih lokaliteta, što dokazuje pogodnost ovih prajmera. Kako ovi prajmeri amplifikuju hipervarijabilni deo genoma virusa, pogodni su ne samo za rutinsku molekularnu detekciju, već i za molekularnu karakterizaciju izolata ZYMV iz Srbije. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu omogućiće dalja proučavanja genetičke varijabilnosti izolata ZYMV iz Srbije, kao i njihove evolutivne povezanosti sa izolatima iz drugih delova sveta

Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusa duvana u Srbiji

Infection with a large number of plant viruses could imperil tobacco yield and quality. Tobacco is a natural host for more than 20 viruses, among which the most important and economically harmful are tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), tobacco each virus (TEV) and tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV). The occurence and distribution of tobacco viruses were investigated for 4 years (2002- 2005). During this period many different tobacco growing localities in Vojvodina and central Serbia were monitored and samples showing virus symptoms were collected. The collected samples were tested by DAS ELISA using polyclonal antisera, specific for the detection of PVY, TSWV, TMV, CMV, AMV and TRSV. The results obtained for the tobacco virus distribution during these four years of investigation proved the presence of four economically important viruses in our country, whose frequencies varied from year to year. In 2002, 2003 and 2004, the most frequent was TSWV (86.84%; 79% and 49.56%, respectively), while in 2005 PVY was prevalent (56.16%). All viruses detected in the samples tested were present in single or mixed infections. A corellation was established between the field symptoms on tobacco and the virus causal agents. The results obtained showed that TSWV and PVY were the most important tobacco viruses in our country, so that further research of tobacco virus diseases should be directed towards their more detailed characterization.Prinos i kvalitet duvana mogu da budu ugroženi usled zaraze velikim brojem fitopatogenih virusa. Duvan je prirodni domaćin preko 20 virusa od kojih su najznačajniji i ekonomski najštetniji virus mozaika duvana (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV), virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virus crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato virus Y, PVY), virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV), virus prstenaste pegavosti duvana (Tobacco ringspot virus, TRSV), virus graviranosti duvana (Tobacco each virus, TEV) i virus šarenila nerava duvana (Tobacco vein mottling virus, TVMV). Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusnih zaraza duvana su ispitivani tokom četiri godine, od 2002. do 2005. Pregled i sakupljanje uzoraka sa simptomima obavljeno je u više različitih lokaliteta gajenja duvana u Vojvodini i centralnoj Srbiji. Sakupljeni uzorci su testirani DASELISA metodom na prisustvo PVY, TSWV, TMV, CMV, AMV i TRSV. Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju na prisustvo četiri ekonomski značajna virusa duvana u našoj zemlji i to: TSWV, PVY, TMV i CMV, čija je učestalost po pojedinim godinama i lokalitetima bila različita. Tokom 2002, 2003. i 2004. godine najčešće detektovan virus bio je TSWV (86,84%; 70%, odnosno 49,56%), dok je 2005. godine prevalentan virus bio PVY (56,16%). Svi virusi čije je prisustvo utvrđeno u ispitivanim uzorcima nalazili su se u pojedničnim ili mešanim infekcijama. Bez obzira na izraženu varijabilnost u ispoljenim simptomima virusnih zaraza na duvanu, ustanovljena je zavisnost tipa ispoljenih simptoma od virusa prouzrokovača. Sprovedena ispitivanja pokazala su da su TSWV i PVY najznačajniji virusi duvana u našoj zemlji, tako da buduća ispitivanja viroza duvana treba da budu usmerena ka detaljnijoj karakterizaciji ovih ekonomski štetnih virusa

Emotions and Food Consumption: Emotional Eating Behavior in a European Population

Emotion can reflect in the perception of food consumption. An increase in food intake during emotional and psychological conditions may have a negative impact on human health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the associations between food consumption, emotional eating behavior, and emotional conditions such as stress, depression, loneliness, boredom eating, maintaining vigilance and alertness, and emotional food consolation. We used a Motivations for Food Choices Questionnaire (Eating Motivations, EATMOT) to determine the emotional aspects of food consumption in 9052 respondents living in 12 European countries between October 2017 and March 2018. Ordinal linear regression was used to identify the associations between the emotional eating behavior and emotional conditions such as stress, depression, loneliness, emotional consolation, and reasons to improve physical and psychological conditions. The regression models confirmed the associations between food consumption, emotional conditions, and emotional eating behavior. Associations were found between the emotional eating behavior and stress (odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.60, p = 0.010), depressive mood (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.40–1.43, p < 0.001), loneliness (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.58–1.62, p < 0.001), boredom (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.36–1.39, p < 0.001), and emotional consolation (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.54–1.57, p < 0.001). Emotional eating was associated with an effort to improve physical and psychological conditions, such as controlling body weight (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.10–1.12, p < 0.001), keeping awake and alert (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.19–1.20, p < 0.001) and consumption to feel good (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.21–1.22, p < 0.001). In conclusion, emotions might provoke emotional eating behavior. The appropriate way to handle stress, depression, or other emotional states is important in conditions of being emotionally overwhelmed. The public should be educated on how to handle different emotional states. The focus should be moved somehow from emotional eating and the consumption of unhealthy food to healthy lifestyle practices, including regular exercise and healthy eating habits. Thus, it is necessary to halt these negative health effects on human health through public health programs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evalution through artificial neural networks of the sociodemographic Influences on food choices

Introduction: The EATMOT Project is a multinational study that is being carried out in 16 countries about different eating motivations, given their recognized importance in the definition of people’s dietary patterns. Objective: This study investigated the influence of sociodemographic factors on some types of eating motivations, specifically: health related factors; economic and availability aspects; emotional determinants; social, cultural and religious influences; marketing and advertising campaigns and finally environmental concerns. Methods: This is a longitudinal observational study carried out on a non-probabilistic sample with 11960 participants. For the analysis of the data were used the T-test for independent samples or ANOVA with Post-Hoc Tukey HSD, depending on the case. The modelling through artificial neural networks included 7 input variables (sociodemographic characteristics) and 6 output variables (the eating motivations’ groups). Results: Variables like age, marital status, country, living environment, level of education or professional area significantly influenced all the types of eating motivations analysed. However, regarding gender, no significant differences were observed for two of the six types of motivations analysed: economic & availability and marketing & commercial. The results of the ANN modelling showed that the strongest positive factors determining the eating motivations were age for health, country for emotional motivations, gender for economic & availability, country for social & cultural, country for environmental & political, and finally country also for the marketing & commercial motivations. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of the sociodemographic characteristics as determinants for eating patterns around the globe, and particularly the geographic location.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tomato spotted wilt virus: One of the most destructive plant viruses

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has one of the largest host ranges among plant viruses and is widespread in all climates. TSWV is responsible for numerous epidemics in many parts of the world in different crops, mainly vegetables, tobacco and ornamentals. Its highly polyphagous nature, effectiveness of virus transmission by the trips as its vectors, rapidity with which new variants arise, as well as difficulties in controlling the vectors make TSWV one of the most dangerous plant viruses. The ability of this virus to cause such severe losses on a broad range of crops, as well as its intriguing biological and molecular characteristics place TSWV amongst the most extensively studied plant viruses in the world at present. This paper provides a general overview of TSWV, encompassing all the major aspects of its biology and current knowledge on host range, symptomatology, molecular biology, vector relationship, control and diagnosis.Smatra se da virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) ima najširi krug domaćina i da je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih biljnih virusa. Ovaj virus je odgovoran za brojne epidemije na različitim usevima u mnogim delovima sveta, a najčešće na povrću, duvanu i ukrasnim biljkama. Visoko polifagna priroda virusa, efikasnost prenošenja vektorima - tripsima, brzina kojom se stvaraju nove varijante virusa, kao i teškoće u kontroli vektora, čine TSWV jednim od najopasnijih biljnih virusa. Zbog ekonomske važnosti na širokom krugu domaćina, kao i interesantnih bioloških i molekularnih karakteristika, ovo je danas jedan od najproučavanijih biljnih virusa. Ovaj pregledni rad o virusu bronazavosti paradajza bliže objašnjava sve aspekte njegove biologije i sadrži savremene podatke o nekim njegovim osobinama koje se odnose na niz domaćina, simptomatologiju, molekularnu biologiju, odnos sa vektorom, kontrolu i dijagnozu oboljenja koje prouzrokuje

Influence of Tomato spotted wilt virus uneven distribution on its serological detection in tomato, pepper and ornamentals

Reliable detection of plant pathogens does not only mean the development of sufficiently sensitive laboratory techniques for their routine testing. Regardless of the sensitivity of applied methods, the proper selection of samples to be tested has crucial influence on method reliability. Due to uneven distribution of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in naturally infected systemic host plants, the collection and sampling of material for assaying is a critical moment upon which the reliability of laboratory procedure depends. The effect of irregular virus distribution on its serological detection was examined in tomato, pepper and four ornamental species, as its most important host plants in our country. The reliability of virus detection, depending on its uneven distribution, was assessed by serological testing of tomato and pepper symptomatic leaves and fruits, and symptomatic and asymptomatic young and old leaves, as well as flower petals of ornamentals. Although TSWV was detected using ELISA in the majority of plants included in the experiment, the tests indicated an uneven distribution and unequal concentrations of TSWV in different parts of the plants. The virus could not be detected in a certain number of subsamples, prepared from infected tomato and pepper fruits and older ornamental leaves. The virus also could not be detected in some ornamentals and tomato plants with intensive symptoms. Conversely, the virus was detected in three ornamental plants without any symptoms. Examining the virus distribution in different plant parts indicated that the reliability of ELISA could be reached not only by sampling younger ornamental leaves, but also by preparing compound samples with as much leaves as possible, or by testing a greater number of subsamples of the tested plant. Considering a small possibility of TSWV detection in tomato and pepper fruits, the infection of these should be established by testing their leaves. Besides, the data show that negative test results for the known host plants with characteristic symptoms require tests to be repeated using more sensitive methods than ELISA. These results are important as guidelines for growers and professionals who submit samples, as well as for laboratories performing routine testing.Pouzdana detekcija fitopatogenih organizama ne podrazumeva samo razvijanje dovoljno osetljivih laboratorijskih tehnika za rutinsko testiranje. Bez obzira koliko primenjene metode bile osetljive, na njihovu pouzdanost presudno utiče pravilan izbor uzoraka koji će se testirati. Za virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), zbog neravnomerne distribucije u sistemično zaraženim biljkama domaćinima, prikupljanje i priprema uzoraka za testiranje predstavljaju kritični momenat od koga zavisi pouzdanost laboratorijske metode. Sprovedena su ispitivanja uticaja neravnomerne distribucije virusa u paradajzu, paprici i četiri vrste ukrasnih biljaka, kao najznačajnijim domaćinima ovog virusa u našoj zemlji. Pouzdanost detekcije virusa, u zavisnosti od njegove neravnomerne distribucije, utvrđivana je serološkim testiranjem lišća i plodova paradajza i paprike sa simptomima i simptomatičnog i asimptomatičnog mlađeg i starijeg lišća, kao i kruničnih listića ukrasnih biljaka. Iako je primenom ELISA metode TSWV dokazan u većini biljaka uključenih u eksperiment, obavljena testiranja ukazala su na neravnomernu distribuciju i različitu koncentraciju TSWV u različitim delovima biljaka. Prisustvo virusa nije moglo biti dokazano u određenom broju poduzoraka pripremljenih od zaraženih biljaka, plodova paradajza i paprike i starijeg lišća ukrasnih biljaka. Virus nije mogao biti detektovan ni u nekim ukrasnim biljkama i biljkama paradajza sa izraženim simptomima. Nasuprot tome, TSWV je dokazan u tri ukrasne biljke bez simptoma. Ispitivanja distribucije virusa u biljci ukazala su da se pouzdanost ELISA metode može postići uzorkovanjem ne samo mlađeg lišća ukrasnih biljaka, već pripremom zbirnog uzorka sa što više listova ili ispitivanjem većeg broja poduzoraka biljke koja se testira. S obzirom na malu mogućnost detekcije TSWV u plodovima paradajza i paprike, utvrđivanje zaraženosti ovih biljaka treba obaviti testiranjem lišća. Pored toga, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je u slučaju pojave negativnih rezultata testiranjem uzoraka sa karakterističnim simptomima na poznatim domaćinima, potrebno ponoviti testiranje osetljivijim metodama od ELISA. Dobijeni rezultati značajni su kao smernica za proizvođače i stručna lica koja dostavljaju uzorke i laboratorije zadužene za rutinska testiranja