Fluctuación poblacional y especies de thrips (Thysanoptera) asociados a calabaza en Nayarit, México

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron identificar las especies de thrips asociados al cultivo de calabaza y determinar la fluctuación poblacional de thrips. Se llevó a cabo en la Unidad Académica de Agricultura de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit en Xalisco, Nayarit, en el cultivo de calabaza japonesa Cucurbita moschata var. Chirimen. Cada siete días, durante tres meses (septiembre a noviembre de 2008), se realizaron dos tipos de muestreo: trampas azules y aspirado de plantas. Por este último método se recolectaron 153 thrips adultos de los cuales se montaron y examinaron 100 especímenes, y con las trampas se contabilizaron un total de 334 thrips (140 en invernadero y 194 en campo). Se identificaron nueve especies: cuatro de hábitos depredadores (Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen, F. vespiformis D.L Crawford, Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande, Leptothrips mcconelli D.L. Crawford), dos consideradas fitófagas (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Haplothrips sp.) y tres de las que se desconoce su tipo de alimentación (Plesiothrips perplexus Beach, Bregmatothrips sp. nov., Microcephalothrips sp. nov). En cuanto a la fluctuación poblacional, la mayor captura de thrips se registró en campo con un total de 50 especímenes (29 de octubre 2008); en invernadero se presentaron dos picos, uno el 24 de septiembre (20 especímenes) y el otro el 5 de noviembre (21 especímenes). La población de thrips aumentó en el periodo de ausencia de precipitación (22 de octubre al 26 de noviembre)

Prevalence of pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with drug resistance, in Luanda, Angola

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria is the infectious disease causing the highest morbidity and mortality in Angola and due to widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance, the country has recently changed its first-line treatment recommendations for uncomplicated malaria, from CQ to artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) in adults, and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) in pregnant women. Loss of SP sensitivity is, however, progressing rapidly in Africa and, in this study, were investigated a number of molecular markers associated to CQ and S/P.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Blood samples were collected from 245 children with uncomplicated malaria, admitted at the Pediatric Hospital Dr. David Bernardino (HPDB), Angola, and the occurrence of mutations in <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>was investigated in the <it>pfmdr1 </it>(N86Y) and <it>pfcrt </it>(K76T) genes, associated with CQ resistance, as well as in <it>pfdhfr </it>(C59R) and <it>pfdhps </it>(K540E), conferring SP resistance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The frequencies of <it>pfmdr1 </it>mutations in codon 86 were 28.6% N, 61.3% Y and 10.1% mixed infections (NY). The frequency of <it>pfcrt </it>mutations in codon 76 were 93.9% K, 5.7% T and 0.4% mixed infections (KT). For <it>pfdhfr </it>the results were in codon 59, 60.6% C, 20.6% R and 18.8% mixed infections (CR). Concerning <it>pfdhps</it>, 6.3% of the isolates were bearers of the mutation 540E and 5.4% mixed infections (K540E).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of this epidemiologic study showed high presence of CQ resistance markers while for SP a much lower prevalence was detected for the markers under study.</p

SOCIALIZAÇÃO ESCOLAR, EDUCAÇÃO NÃO ESCOLAR E (CON)FORMAÇÃO DE SUJEITOS.

This article discusses the disciplinarization of subjects through school and non-school education and, based on this phenomenon, offers a tentative connection among the modes of school socialization found in socioeducational practices. To this end, some typical modes of school education are presented as means and condition for socialization, although it is emphasized that non-school education occasionally mirrors the inequality of school education by clouding the issue of social exclusion. Finally, this study presents some possible for socio-educational projects, with a view to contributing to the discussion on education in the field of social studies.Este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre la disciplinarización de sujetos a través de la educación escolar y no escolar, y a partir de este fenómeno tratar de relacionar los modos de socialización escolar presentes en las prácticas socioeducativas. Para ello describimos algunas modalidades típicas de la educación escolar como forma y condición para la socialización, al mismo tiempo en que enfatizamos que la educación no escolar algunas veces reproduce la desigualdad al producir una nebulosa alrededor de la cuestión de la exclusión social. A modo de cierre se pretenden presentar algunas alternativas a los proyectos socioeducativos intentando contribuir con la reflexión sobre la educación en el campo social.Este artigo se propõe a refletir sobre a disciplinarização de sujeitos através da educação escolar e não escolar e, a partir deste fenômeno, buscar relacionar os modos de socialização escolar presentes nas práticas socioeducativas. Para tanto, descrevemos alguns modos típicos da educação escolar como forma e condição para a socialização ao mesmo tempo em que enfatizamos que a educação não escolar, por vezes, reproduz a desigualdade ao produzir uma nebulosa em torno da questão da exclusão social. A guiza de encerramento pretende-se apresentar algumas possibilidades aos projetos socioeducativos buscando contribuir com a reflexão sobre a educação no campo social

Testing the Efficacy of Leadership for Empowerment and Abuse Prevention (LEAP), a Healthy Relationship Training Intervention for People with Intellectual Disability

Leadership for Empowerment and Abuse Prevention (LEAP) is an abuse prevention intervention for people with intellectual disability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the intervention’s efficacy. Findings indicated no significant differences in scenario identification questions depicting acceptable or concerning situations. However, statistically significant improvements were noted in participants’ depth of understanding, including their ability to correctly describe why a scenario was abusive or exploitative and what to do next when confronted with unhealthy situations. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed

Fluctuación poblacional y especies de thrips (Thysanoptera) asociados a calabaza en Nayarit, México

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron identificar las especies de thrips asociados al cultivo de calabaza y determinar la fluctuación poblacional de thrips. Se llevó a cabo en la Unidad Académica de Agricultura de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit en Xalisco, Nayarit, en el cultivo de calabaza japonesa Cucurbita moschata var. Chirimen. Cada siete días, durante tres meses (septiembre a noviembre de 2008), se realizaron dos tipos de muestreo: trampas azules y aspirado de plantas. Por este último método se recolectaron 153 thrips adultos de los cuales se montaron y examinaron 100 especímenes, y con las trampas se contabilizaron un total de 334 thrips (140 en invernadero y 194 en campo). Se identificaron nueve especies: cuatro de hábitos depredadores (Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen, F. vespiformis D.L Crawford, Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande, Leptothrips mcconelli D.L. Crawford), dos consideradas fitófagas (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Haplothrips sp.) y tres de las que se desconoce su tipo de alimentación (Plesiothrips perplexus Beach, Bregmatothrips sp. nov., Microcephalothrips sp. nov). En cuanto a la fluctuación poblacional, la mayor captura de thrips se registró en campo con un total de 50 especímenes (29 de octubre 2008); en invernadero se presentaron dos picos, uno el 24 de septiembre (20 especímenes) y el otro el 5 de noviembre (21 especímenes). La población de thrips aumentó en el periodo de ausencia de precipitación (22 de octubre al 26 de noviembre)

Indication and Identification of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses in Aedes spp. Mosquitoes Captured in Central America

The purpose of study was to isolate arboviruses from mosquitoes of different species in the cell culture and to identify them by using molecular and immunochemical techniques.Materials and methods. Viruses were isolated in C6/36 cell cultures. The pathogens were identified by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detection of antigens of dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile and Sindbis viruses as well as the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific primers and Sanger sequencing.Results. A total of 102 mosquitoes belonging to three genera, Culex spp, Culiseta spp., Aedes spp., were studied. Mosquitoes of each species or genus were divided into pools, each containing 4–5 mosquitoes. The study of suspensions of only 2 mosquito pools obtained from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, starting from the 3rd passage, showed changes in the C6/36 cell monolayer. Starting from the 4th passage, an antigen of Chikungunya virus was detected using ELISA test in the suspension obtained from the Aedes albopictus pool. Dengue virus was detected in the 5th passage from the materials obtained from the Aedes aegypti pool. Thus, antigens of the Chikungunya and dengue viruses were detected only in 2 of 23 examined pools of mosquitoes of different genera. Materials of the 5th passage were analyzed by RT-PCR with specific primers for dengue and Chikungunya viruses. It was confirmed that the isolate obtained from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes contained RNA of the Chikungunya virus and corresponded to the East/Central/South African genotype, while the isolate obtained from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes contained RNA of the dengue type 2 virus.Conclusion. The obtained nucleotide sequences of the Chikungunya virus were deposited in the GenBank international database under accession numbers MN271691 and MN271692

Práticas socioeducativas e formação de educadores: novos desafios no campo social Prácticas socioeducativas y formación de educadores: nuevos desafíos en el campo social Socialeducational practices and educator formation: new challengers in the social field

Este texto tem o propósito de discutir práticas socioeducativas que, ao priorizarem mais a formação para o trabalho, incorporam a forma de socialização escolar, contribuindo mais para o disciplinamento de jovens do que para sua formação e "libertação". Ressalta-se sua distancia em relação à educação popular freireana, denunciando os limites e possibilidades de uma formação de educadores que ocorre à margem de espaços de produção do conhecimento. Para tanto, nos apoiamos na pesquisa "Formação de Educadores em Práticas de Educação Não Escolar" (CNPq), onde acompanhamos reuniões pedagógicas de dois projetos socioeducativos, voltados para jovens, moradores da cidade de Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul.<br>Este texto tiene como propósito discutir prácticas socioeducativas que, al priorizaren más la formación para el trabajo, incorporan la forma de sociabilidad escolar, contribuyendo más para disciplinar a los jóvenes que para su formación y "liberación". Se resalta su distancia con relación a la educación popular freireana, denunciando los límites y posibilidades de una formación de educadores que ocurre a la margen de espacios de producción del conocimiento. Por lo tanto, nos apoyamos en la investigación "Formación de Educadores en Prácticas de Educación No Escolar" (CNPq), donde acompañamos reuniones pedagógicas de dos proyectos socioeducativos, dirigidos a jóvenes, que viven en la ciudad de Novo Hamburgo/RS.<br>The purpose of this text is to discuss social-educational practices that aim primarily at job skill formation and, thus, integrate the process of school socialization, which contributes to the disciplining of the young rather than to their education and "liberation". We point out the gap between such practices and the popular education defended by Paulo Freire, revealing the limits and possibilities of an educator formation that operates on the fringes of knowledge production environments. To that end, we based our analysis on the program "Forming Educators in Nonschool Educational Practices" (CNPq), in which we followed up pedagogical meetings of two social-educational projects aimed at the young living in the city of Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil

An International Adult Guideline for Making Clozapine Titration Safer by Using Six Ancestry-Based Personalized Dosing Titrations, CRP, and Clozapine Levels

This international guideline proposes improving clozapine package inserts worldwide by using ancestry-based dosing and titration. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) databases suggest that clozapine is the third most toxic drug in the United States (US), and it produces four times higher worldwide pneumonia mortality than that by agranulocytosis or myocarditis. For trough steady-state clozapine serum concentrations, the therapeutic reference range is narrow, from 350 to 600 ng/mL with the potential for toxicity and ADRs as concentrations increase. Clozapine is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2 (female non-smokers, the lowest dose; male smokers, the highest dose). Poor metabolizer status through phenotypic conversion is associated with co-prescription of inhibitors (including oral contraceptives and valproate), obesity, or inflammation with C-reactive protein (CRP) elevations. The Asian population (Pakistan to Japan) or the Americas\u27 original inhabitants have lower CYP1A2 activity and require lower clozapine doses to reach concentrations of 350 ng/mL. In the US, daily doses of 300-600 mg/day are recommended. Slow personalized titration may prevent early ADRs (including syncope, myocarditis, and pneumonia). This guideline defines six personalized titration schedules for inpatients: 1) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing minimum therapeutic dosages of 75-150 mg/day, 2) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average metabolism needing 175-300 mg/day, 3) European/Western Asian ancestry with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 100-200 mg/day, 4) European/Western Asian ancestry with average metabolism needing 250-400 mg/day, 5) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower clozapine metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 150-300 mg/day, and 6) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average clozapine metabolism needing 300-600 mg/day. Baseline and weekly CRP monitoring for at least four weeks is required to identify any inflammation, including inflammation secondary to clozapine rapid titration