An overview of internet engineering task force mobility management protocols: approaches and its challenges

In recent years, internet protocol mobility management has become one of the most popular research areas in networking. Mobility management protocols are in charge of preserving continuing communications as a user roam between different networks. All existing internet protocols (IP), like MIPv6, and PMIPv6, rely on a centralized mobility anchor to control mobile node traffic and signaling. The disadvantages of centralized mobility management (CMM) include ineffectiveness in handling massive volumes of traffic, poor scalability, wasteful use of network resources, and packet delay. When CMM is required to handle mobile media, which demands a huge amount of information and frequently needs quality of services (QoS) such as session continuance and reduced latency, these difficulties become apparent. It drives the need for distributed mobility management protocol (DMM) systems to manage the growing amount of mobile data, the overwhelming of this is video communication. DMM approaches could be regarded as an innovative and effective method to deal with mobility. An overview of the CMM protocol and its drawbacks are analyzed. This study examines the various DMM protocol techniques and their performance metrics are compared to highlight similarities and differences. The study reveals the network-based DMM protocol improves overall handoff time and packet loss

TECHNIQUES TO FACILITATE REDUNDANCY FOR DYNAMIC TELEMETRY SUBSCRIPTIONS IN A NETWORK ENVIRONMENT

Network administrators often desire redundancy when creating telemetry subscriptions in order to ensure that updates are not lost if a particular receiver fails. However, dynamic telemetry subscriptions do not offer a natural way to achieve such a redundancy. Proposed herein are techniques to facilitate redundancy for dynamic telemetry subscriptions through which multiple telemetry data receivers, that each initiate a dynamic telemetry subscription Remote Procedure Call (RPC) towards a device, can be attached to an existing subscription initiated by a first receiver as long as parameters for the subscription RPCs initiated by the receivers are identical to parameters for the existing subscription initiated by the first receiver. Such techniques can be utilized to reduce duplication in collecting data from a backend and also to enable higher scaling

Efficacy of Rehabilitation Measures on the Functional Development of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Background: Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common type of CP. Up to 80% of all Individuals with cerebral palsy suffer from some degree of spasticity. Spasticity adversely affects muscles and joints of the extremities, causing abnormal movements, and it is especially harmful in growing children. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a syndrome of motor impairment that results from a lesion occurring in the developing brain. The degree of spasticity can vary from mild muscle stiffness to severe, painful, and uncontrollable muscle spasms .Normally; muscles must have enough tone to maintain posture or movement against the force of gravity while at the same time providing flexibility and speed of movement. Spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in resistance of a muscle when the muscle is moved passively or stretched. Individuals with spastic CP experience stiffness in affected limbs due to focal muscular hyperactivity, resulting in limited or awkward movements. In this research work Quasi experimental design was adopted for Pre- assessment of physical and functional status of children with cerebral palsy assessed by appropriate tools and the results discussed in detailed in different sections of the paper

A Study on Carotid Arterial Remodeling in patients with Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease and Disease Free Subjects.

INTRODUCTION : Decades of silent arterial wall alterations precede vascular clinical events, which then reflect advanced atherosclerotic disease. The first morphological abnormalities of arterial walls can be visualized by Bmode ultrasonography. This high-resolution, noninvasive technique is one of the best methods for the detection of early stages of atherosclerotic disease, because it is rapidly applicable, readily available and demonstrates the wall structure with better resolution than any other similar technique .Accordingly, ultrasound has been used in a number of studies to monitor the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries, a measurement which has consequently been shown to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, there are diverse approaches for measuring IMT, and some of these may lead to divergent results. Moreover, there are no unified criteria for distinguishing atherosclerosis as seen in early plaque formation from thickening of the intimal-medial complex. This is because IMT reflects not only early atherosclerosis, but also non atherosclerotic compensatory enlargement with largely medial hypertrophy as a result of smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and fibro cellular hypertrophy. This differentiation is important because epidemiological studies have shown that wall thickening as depicted by ultrasonographic measurements of IMT is different from atherosclerotic plaque regarding localization, natural history, risk factors and predictive value for vascular events. As IMT is being increasingly used in clinical trials to serve as a surrogate end point for determining the success of interventions that lower risk factors for atherosclerosis, it is imperative that standardized methods be used to allow homogenous data collection and analysis. This would help to improve the power of such studies and to facilitate the merging of large databases for meta-analyses. In our study correlation of intima medial thickness with carotid artery remodeling and coronary artery disease status is assessed. AIM OF STUDY : To study the carotid arterial remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease. To study the relationship between carotid arterial inter adventitial and lumen diameters to the intima medial thickness. To evaluate carotid arterial diameters of individuals with coronary artery disease and how it differed from those of CAD-free controls and To study the relationship between carotid artery remodeling and severity of cornary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS : 1. Common carotid atherosclerosis is associated with larger IA diameter and no reduction in lumen diameter POSITIVE REMODELING. Conversely, in the internal carotid, greater IMT is associated with smaller lumina in the absence of IA diameter enlargement. NEGATIVE REMODELING. 2. Case-control comparisons suggest differences in arterial dimensions: common carotid IA diameter was greater in cases than controls, whereas internal carotid lumen and IA diameter were both reduced in CAD cases compared with controls. However, interactive effects of case status on the associations between IMT and arterial dimensions did not reach significance. Patients with triple vessel disease had significant remodeling of carotids when comparing patients with single vessel disease. 3. The data is consistent with the concept that lack of arterial enlargement of the internal carotid during atherosclerosis progression partly explains the well-documented association of this carotid segment with symptomatic cardiovascular disease and the difference in the arterial biologic, physiologic and atherogenic prones properties of the different segments of carotid arteries

Cribado de compuestos polifenólicos en extractos de Piper trioicum (Roxb.)

Aims: Present study aims to reveal the polyphenol content in Piper trioicum (Roxb.) extracts.Materials and methods: In the present study, the phenolic content of the ethanol and water extracts of Piper trioicum (Roxb.) plants was determined by chromatography techniques like Thin layer chromatography, high performance thin layer Chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and Gas chromatography with Mass spectrometric detection. Total phenol was determined by UV method.Results: All the results of analytical methods were compared with standard phenolic compounds. The ethanol extract contained maximum total phenolic content (2.323mg GAE/g) than the water extract. 13 compounds identified by chromatography techniques. The results suggested Arbutin, quercetin, caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, Gallic acid and its derivatives may be present in ethanolic and water extracts of Piper trioicum.Conclusions: The water and ethanol could extract the highest concentration of polyphenols from the Piper trioicum (Roxb) plant; these extracts may have a good pharmacological potency due to the presence of polyphenols compounds.Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo revelar el contenido de polifenoles en extractos de Piper trioicum ( Roxb. ).Materiales y métodos: El contenido de fenoles totales en los extractos etanólicos y acuosos de Piper trioicum ( Roxb. ) se determinó mediante técnicas cromatografías, como la cromatografía en capa fina, cromatografía en capa fina de alto rendimiento, cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas detección. El contenido de fenoles totales se determinó por el método UV.Resultados: Los resultados de los métodos de análisis se compararon con compuestos fenólicos estándar . Los extractos de etanol tienen un contenido mayor de fenoles totales ( 2.323mg GAE / g ) que los extracto acuosos. Se han identificado 13 compuestos por técnicas de cromatografía . Los resultados sugirieron que arbutina, quercetina, ácido caféico, ácido ferúlico, ácido clorogénico, ácido gálico y sus derivados puede estar presente en los extractos etanólicos y acuoso de Piper trioicum.Conclusiones: El agua y el etanol podrían extraer la mayor concentración de polifenoles de la planta Piper trioicum (Roxb); estos extractos pueden tener una buen potenci farmacológico debido a la presencia de compuestos fenolicos

Modulation of the innate immune responses in the striped snakehead murrel, Channa striata upon experimental infection with live and heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila

It is well-known that the innate immune mechanisms in fish serve as the first line of defence against wide variety of pathogens. In most of the situations, innate responses get induced and enhanced after the pathogen invasion. It would be interesting to look into the inducibility of various innate immune mechanisms and the level of enhancement after infection with the pathogen. Hence, in the present investigation, modulation of the innate immune responses in the striped snakehead murrel, Channa striata on experimental challenge with either live virulent or heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 1x107 CFU (suspended in 0.2 mL PBS) were measured. Most of the non-specific (both humoral and cellular) immune responses tested were substantially induced or enhanced in both the experimental groups in comparison with the unchallenged control group. Significant increase in the lysozyme, total peroxidase, antiprotease and respiratory burst activities were observed after the pathogen challenge. Thus, most of the innate non-specific immune responses are inducible though they are constitutive of fish immune system exhibiting a basal level of activity even in the absence of pathogen challenge.Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Experimental challenge, Innate immune response, Striped snakehead murre

Screening of polyphenolic compounds in Piper trioicum (Roxb.) extracts

We are grateful to the Management, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh for their valuable support.Aims: Present study aims to reveal the polyphenol content in Piper trioicum (Roxb.) extracts. Materials and methods: In the present study, the phenolic content of the ethanol and water extracts of Piper trioicum (Roxb.) plants was determined by chromatography techniques like Thin layer chromatography, high performance thin layer Chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and Gas chromatography with Mass spectrometric detection. Total phenol was determined by UV method. Results: All the results of analytical methods were compared with standard phenolic compounds. The ethanol extract contained maximum total phenolic content (2.323mg GAE/g) than the water extract. 13 compounds identified by chromatography techniques. The results suggested Arbutin, quercetin, caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, Gallic acid and its derivatives may be present in ethanolic and water extracts of Piper trioicum. Conclusions: The water and ethanol could extract the highest concentration of polyphenols from the Piper trioicum (Roxb) plant; these extracts may have a good pharmacological potency due to the presence of polyphenols compounds.Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo revelar el contenido de polifenoles en extractos de Piper trioicum ( Roxb. ). Materiales y métodos: El contenido de fenoles totales en los extractos etanólicos y acuosos de Piper trioicum ( Roxb. ) se determinó mediante técnicas cromatografías, como la cromatografía en capa fina, cromatografía en capa fina de alto rendimiento, cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas detección. El contenido de fenoles totales se determinó por el método UV. Resultados: Los resultados de los métodos de análisis se compararon con compuestos fenólicos estándar . Los extractos de etanol tienen un contenido mayor de fenoles totales ( 2.323mg GAE / g ) que los extracto acuosos. Se han identificado 13 compuestos por técnicas de cromatografía . Los resultados sugirieron que arbutina, quercetina, ácido caféico, ácido ferúlico, ácido clorogénico, ácido gálico y sus derivados puede estar presente en los extractos etanólicos y acuoso de Piper trioicum Conclusiones: El agua y el etanol podrían extraer la mayor concentración de polifenoles de la planta Piper trioicum (Roxb); estos extractos pueden tener una buen potenci farmacológico debido a la presencia de compuestos fenolicos