Methods to Reduce Energy and Polymer Consumption for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing is an additive technology used to manufacture parts. Used in the engineering industry for prototyping polymetric parts, this disruptive technology has been adopted commercially and there are affordable printers on the market that allow for at-home printing. This paper examines six methods of reducing the energy and material consumption of 3D printing. Using different commercial printers, each approach was investigated experimentally, and the potential savings were quantified. The modification most effective at reducing energy consumption was the hot-end insulation, with savings of 33.8–30.63%, followed by the sealed enclosure, yielding an average power reduction of 18%. For material, the most influential change was noted using ‘lightning infill’, reducing material consumption by 51%. The methodology includes a combined energy- and material-saving approach in the production of a referenceable ‘Utah Teapot’ sample object. Using combined techniques on the Utah Teapot print, the material consumption was reduced by values between 55.8% and 56.4%, and power consumption was reduced by 29% to 38%. The implementation of a data-logging system allowed us to identify significant thermal management and material usage opportunities to minimise power consumption, providing solutions for a more positive impact on the sustainable manufacturing of 3D printed parts

Wearable technology for one health: Charting the course of dermal biosensing

Over the last decade, a significant paradigm shift has been observed towards leveraging less invasive biological fluids—such as skin interstitial fluid (ISF), sweat, tears, and saliva—for health monitoring. This evolution seeks to transcend traditional, invasive blood-based methods, offering a more accessible approach to health monitoring for non-specialized personnel. Skin ISF, with its profound resemblance to blood, emerges as a pivotal medium for the real-time, minimally invasive tracking of a broad spectrum of biomarkers, thus becoming an invaluable asset for correlating with blood-based data. Our exploration delves deeply into the development of wearable molecular biosensors, spotlighting dermal sensors for their pivotal roles across both clinical and everyday health monitoring scenarios and underscoring their contributions to the holistic One Health initiative. In bringing forward the myriad challenges that permeate this field, we also project future directions, notably the potential of skin ISF as a promising candidate for continuous health tracking. Moreover, this paper aims to catalyse further exploration and innovation by presenting a curated selection of seminal technological advancements. Amidst the saturated landscape of analytical literature on translational challenges, our approach distinctly seeks to highlight recent developments. In attracting a wider spectrum of research groups to this versatile domain, we endeavour to broaden the collective understanding of its trajectory and potential, mapping the evolution of wearable biosensor technology. This strategy not only illuminates the transformative impact of wearable biosensors in reshaping health diagnostics and personalized medicine but also fosters increased participation and progress within the field. Distinct from recent manuscripts in this domain, our review serves as a distillation of key concepts, elucidating pivotal papers that mark the latest advancements in wearable sensors. Through presenting a curated collection of landmark studies and offering our perspectives on the challenges and forward paths, this paper seeks to guide new entrants in the area. We delineate a division between wearable epidermal and subdermal sensors—focusing on the latter as the future frontier—thereby establishing a unique discourse within the ongoing narrative on wearable sensing technologies

Synthesis and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship of Imidazotetrazine Prodrugs with Activity Independent of O6-Methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, DNA Mismatch Repair and p53.

The antitumor prodrug Temozolomide is compromised by its dependence for activity on DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and the repair of the chemosensitive DNA lesion, O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.63, MGMT). Tumor response is also dependent on wild-type p53. Novel 3-(2-anilinoethyl)-substituted imidazotetrazines are reported that have activity independent of MGMT, MMR and p53. This is achieved through a switch of mechanism so that bioactivity derives from imidazotetrazine-generated arylaziridinium ions that principally modify guanine-N7 sites on DNA. Mono- and bi-functional analogs are reported and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study identified the p-tolyl-substituted bi-functional congener as optimized for potency, MGMT-independence and MMR-independence. NCI60 data show the tumor cell response is distinct from other imidazotetrazines and DNA-guanine-N7 active agents such as nitrogen mustards and cisplatin. The new imidazotetrazine compounds are promising agents for further development and their improved in vitro activity validates the principles on which they were designed

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Biarylpyrimidines ¿ a New Class of Ligand for Unusual Nucleic Acid Structures.

NoBiarylpyrimidines are characterized as selective ligands for higher-order nucleic acid structures. A concise and efficient synthesis has been devised incorporating Suzuki biaryl cross-coupling of dihalopyrimidines. Two ligand series are described based on the parent thioether 4,6-bis[4-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]mercapto]-phenyl]pyrimidine (la) and amide 4,6-bis(4[(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)carboxamido]phenyl)pyrimidine (2a) compounds. In UV thermal denaturation studies with the poly(dA)·[poly(dT)]2 triplex structure, thioethers showed stabilization of the triplex form (¿Tm ¿ 20 °C). In contrast, amides showed duplex stabilization (¿Tm ¿ 15 °C) and either negligible stabilization or specific destabilization (¿Tm = -5 °C) of the triplex structure. Full spectra of nucleic acid binding preferences were determined by competition dialysis. The strongest interacting thioether bound preferentially to the poly(dA)·[poly(dT)]2 triplex, Kapp = 1.6 x 105 M-1 (40 x Kapp for CT DNA duplex). In contrast, the strongest binding amide selected the (T2G20T2)4 quadruplex structure, Kapp = 0.31 x 105 M-1 (6.5 x Kapp for CT DNA duplex)

Wearable Technology for One Health: Charting the course of Dermal Biosensing

Over the last decade, a significant paradigm shift has been observed towards leveraging less invasive biological fluids— such as skin interstitial fluid (ISF), sweat, tears, and saliva—for health monitoring. This evolution seeks to transcend traditional, invasive blood-based methods, offering a more accessible approach to health monitoring for non-specialized personnel. Skin ISF, with its profound resemblance to blood, emerges as a pivotal medium for the real-time, minimally invasive tracking of a broad spectrum of biomarkers, thus becoming an invaluable asset for correlating with blood-based data. Our exploration delves deeply into the development of wearable molecular biosensors, spotlighting dermal sensors for their pivotal roles across both clinical and everyday health monitoring scenarios and underscoring their contributions to the holistic One Health initiative. In bringing forward the myriad challenges that permeate this field, we also project future directions, notably the potential of skin ISF as a promising candidate for continuous health tracking. Moreover, this paper aims to catalyse further exploration and innovation by presenting a curated selection of seminal technological advancements. Amidst the saturated landscape of analytical literature on translational challenges, our approach distinctly seeks to highlight recent developments. In attracting a wider spectrum of research groups to this versatile domain, we endeavour to broaden the collective understanding of its trajectory and potential, mapping the evolution of wearable biosensor technology. This strategy not only illuminates the transformative impact of wearable biosensors in reshaping health diagnostics and personalized medicine but also fosters increased participation and progress within the field. Distinct from recent manuscripts in this domain, our review serves as a distillation of key concepts, elucidating pivotal papers that mark the latest advancements in wearable sensors. Through presenting a curated collection of landmark studies and offering our perspectives on the challenges and forward paths, this paper seeks to guide new entrants in the area. We delineate a division between wearable epidermal and subdermal sensors—focusing on the latter as the future frontier—thereby establishing a unique discourse within the ongoing narrative on wearable sensing technologies

Strategy for Imidazotetrazine Prodrugs with Anticancer Activity Independent of MGMT and MMR

The imidazotetrazine ring is an acid-stable precursor and prodrug of highly reactive alkyl diazonium ions. We have shown that this reactivity can be managed productively in an aqueous system for the generation of aziridinium ions with 96% efficiency. The new compounds are potent DNA alkylators and have antitumor activity independent of the <i>O</i>6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and DNA mismatch repair constraints that limit the use of Temozolomide

The ionic liquid ethyltri-n-butylphosphonium tosylate as solvent for the acid-catalysed hetero-Michael reaction.

NoA new and convenient method for the acid-catalysed Michael addition reactions of alcohols, thiols and amines to methyl vinyl ketone has been developed using the ionic liquid ethyltri-n-butylphosphonium tosylate. The reaction conditions are mild and obviate the need for toxic and expensive Lewis acid catalysts, offering advantages over more commonly used systems

Polar, Functionalized Guanine-O6 Derivatives Resistant to Repair by O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase: Implications for the Design of DNA-modifying Drugs.

NoThe protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (Atase) is responsible for the repair of DNA lesions generated by several clinically important anti-cancer drugs; this is manifest as active resistance in those cancer cell lines proficient in Atase expression. Novel O6-substituted guanine analogues have been synthesized, bearing acidic, basic and hydrogen bonding functional groups. In contrast to existing O6-modified purine analogues, such as methyl or benzyl, the new compounds were found to resist repair by Atase even when tested at concentrations much higher than O6-benzylguanine, a well-established Atase substrate active both in vitro and in vivo. The inactivity of the new purines as covalent substrates for Atase indicates that agents to deliver these groups to DNA would represent a new class of DNA-modifying drug that circumvents Atase-mediated resistance