Differentiated Instruction For Responsive Teaching In Elementary Education Student Teachers\u27 Classrooms

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore what differentiated instruction looked like in three student teachers\u27 classrooms. I sought to understand the challenges and successes these student teachers experienced with differentiation, the conditions they were able to control or not control, and how the relationship with the cooperating teacher impacted their capacities to practice differentiation as a method for responsive teaching. Methods included observation, interviews, and collecting student teaching artifacts. Data analyses were completed through Atlas ti, a computer program that supports qualitative research synthesis. The theoretical framework underpinning this study was Tharp and Gallimore\u27s neo-Vygotskian learning theory called the Process of Internalization. This theory supported describing how student teachers\u27 experiences differed as they responded to learner variance. Four themes emerged from the analysis: Kaleidoscopic Viewpoints, Getting Focused: Taking Risks to Build Confidence, Collaborative Partnerships: Shifting Patterns, Changing Scenes, and Pathways to Responsive Teaching: A Developmental Process. They lead to two assertions. The first assertion was, Student teachers\u27 capacity to respond to learner variance was most dependent on the collaborative partnerships between themselves and their cooperating teachers. Viewpoints of differentiated instruction by participants influenced how early they responded to learner variance, the risks they were willing to take, and the successes they experienced to help build confidence with differentiated instruction. The second assertion was, Student teachers\u27 pathways to transform from dependent to independent teachers varied based on what they could control or not control while responding to learner variance with differentiation. Pathways to successful practice with differentiated instruction happened at different intervals for each student teacher based on collaborative relationships with the cooperating teacher. Recommendations for teacher education include: 1) The development of teacher education programs that provide teachers with the pedagogy and skills to respond to the differences in learning needs, 2) Methods to effectively link standards with conceptual models of differentiated instruction as a method for responsive teaching, and 3) Extended field experiences where pre-service teachers are placed with expert teachers who are trained in differentiation, practice collaborative teaching, and provide classroom settings with intentional practicum experiences

The Effect of a Culture of Safety on Patient Throughput

There is a national movement to create improvements in patient safety and outcomes due to evolutionary changes in the healthcare. Many health care organizations are using the framework of a culture of safety in order to create a reliable and stable work environment that emphasizes safety and improves patient outcomes. Patient throughput, defined as the active management of the supply of patient beds (rooms for occupation) to the demand of patients to beds and the length of time it takes for this action to occur, has been identified as one of the areas in need of improvement. This study considered if the use of an interdisciplinary team to execute patient rounds improves patient throughput, helping to expedite the patient discharge process while decreasing needless readmissions to the health care organization. A quantitative longitudinal retrospective data analysis of time stamps obtained from the electronic health record was examined to determine what impact interdisciplinary rounds had on patient throughput. It was determined that a discrepancy existed between the actual planning of a patient\u27s discharge and the execution of the discharge, which contributed to unwanted readmissions to the health care organization. A secondary factor affecting the readmission rate was excluding the patient as a member of the interdisciplinary team. The social significance of the research is how health care organizations engage patients, empowering patients to actively participate in their own care including them in the decision-making process that affects patient care and improves outcomes

Microstructure profiles during CEAREX

The Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX) was a multi-platform geo­physical study covering the period from winter 1988 to spring 1989 in the vicinity of the Yermak Plateau and Fram Strait. The Oceanography ("0") Camp component of CEAREX was designed to study the physical oceanographic conditions from the deep Nansen Basin north of the Yermak Plateau, then into the shallower water over the Plateau. This area , was known from previous experiments (Fram III, Fram IV, MIZEX '83) to be a very en­ergetic region, in which much of the decay of the Atlantic Water flowing into the Arctic Basin occurs. The various programs at "0" Camp obtained data which will improve our understanding of the decay mechanisms, including the role of topographically enhanced diurnal tides, internal waves, and mixing by ice stress at the surface. Our component of this project was the direct measurement of microscale velocity shear, temperature and salinity, using the Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler. These data are used to estimate (a) the rate at which turbulent kinetic energy is dissipated, (b) vertical eddy diffusivities, and ( c) vertical fluxes of heat, salt, and momentum. More than 1500 profiles were obtained over a depth range of 0-350 m for the period March 30 to April 24, 1989, including 20 days of continuous operation (more than 1 profile per hour), from April 4 to April 24. The data show both the geographic variability associated with the topography, as well as rapid variations due to high frequency internal waves. Good data was obtained both in the surface layer (mixed by surface stress), and in the pycnocline (mixed by shear instabilities). The results confirm the importance of topographic effects on the decay of the Atlantic Water in this region

Hydrography and microstructure of an Arctic cyclonic eddy

Hydrographic and velocity profiles were made through a small baroclinic cyclonic eddy during the Arctic Internal Wave Experiment in the Canada Basin in April 1985. The maximum measured azimuthal velocity was 0.38 m s⁻¹ at a depth of 115 m, with velocities decaying to near zero at 30 and 270 m. Maximum isopycnal displacements at the closest approach to the eddy's axis were about 40 m. The deduced radius of maximum velocity is r₀ = 7 ± 2 km, and the total radius is about 13 km. Kinetic energy dissipation rate, ε, was enhanced within 70 m of the surface throughout the transect, and for radius r < r₀ near 60 m and 180 m. The subsurface maxima in ε do not correspond to regions of low Richardson number, but are colocated with locally reduced shear, consistent with the observed dissipation rates being merely the remnants of recent, more energetic mixing events. The time scale for the decay of the eddy, based on its total energy and the measured dissipation rates, is O(10) years. Given this large dissipation time scale, critical layer absorption of vertically propagating internal wave momentum may be dynamically significant to the eddy's evolution

NASA's Functional Task Test: High Intensity Exercise Improves the Heart Rate Response to a Stand Test Following 70 Days of Bedrest

Cardiovascular adaptations due to spaceflight are modeled with 6deg head-down tilt bed rest (BR) and result in decreased orthostatic tolerance. We investigated if high-intensity resistive and aerobic exercise with and without testosterone supplementation would improve the heart rate (HR) response to a 3.5-min stand test and how quickly these changes recovered following BR. During 70 days of BR male subjects performed no exercise (Control, n=10), high intensity supine resistive and aerobic exercise (Exercise, n=9), or supine exercise plus supplemental testosterone (Exercise+T, n=8; 100 mg i.m., weekly in 2-week on/off cycles). We measured HR for 2 min while subjects were prone and for 3 min after standing twice before and 0, 1, 6, and 11 days after BR. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate group, time, and interaction effects. Compared to pre-bed rest, prone HR was elevated on BR+0 and BR+1 in Control, but not Exercise or Exercise+T groups, and standing HR was greater in all 3 groups. The increase in prone and standing HR in Control subjects was greater than either Exercise or Exercise+T groups and all groups recovered by BR+6. The change in HR from prone to standing more than doubled on BR+0 in all groups, but was significantly less in the Exericse+T group compared to the Control, but not Exercise group. Exercise reduces, but does not prevent the increase in HR observed in response to standing. The significantly lower HR response in the Exercise+T group requires further investigation to determine physiologic significance

Comparison of pharmacist managed anticoagulation with usual medical care in a family medicine clinic

Background The beneficial outcomes of oral anticoagulation therapy are dependent upon achieving and maintaining an optimal INR therapeutic range. There is growing evidence that better outcomes are achieved when anticoagulation is managed by a pharmacist with expertise in anticoagulation management rather than usual care by family physicians. This study compared a pharmacist managed anticoagulation program (PC) to usual physician care (UC) in a family medicine clinic. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out in a family medicine clinic which included a clinical pharmacist. In 2006, the pharmacist assumed anticoagulation management. For a 17-month period, the PC group (n = 112) of patients on warfarin were compared to the UC patients (n = 81) for a similar period prior to 2006. The primary outcome was the percentage of time patients' INR was in the therapeutic range (TTR). Secondary outcomes were the percentage of time in therapeutic range within ± 0.3 units of the recommended range (expanded TTR) and percentage of time the INR was >5.0 or <1.5. Results The baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Fifty-five percent of the PC group was male with a mean age of 67 years; 51% of the UC group was male with a mean age of 71 years. The most common indications for warfarin in both groups were atrial fibrillation, mechanical heart valves and deep vein thrombosis. The TTR was 73% for PC and 65% for UC (p 5 were 0.3% for PC patients and 0.1% for UC (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The pharmacist-managed anticoagulation program within a family practice clinic compared to usual care by the physicians achieved significantly better INR control as measured by the percentage of time patients' INR values were kept in both the therapeutic and expanded range. Based on the results of this study, a collaborative family practice clinic using pharmacists and physicians may be an effective model for anticoagulation management with these results verified in future prospective randomized studies

Factors influencing COVID-19 testing among Native Americans and Latinos in two rural agricultural communities: a qualitative study

ObjectiveTo examine factors influencing decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation in Montana and the Latino community in the Yakima Valley of Washington state.MethodsWe conducted 30 key informant interviews with community leaders and six focus groups with community members to examine factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic from May 2021 to June 2021.ResultsThree major themes that impacted testing for COVID-19 were identified: (1) Social factors, including the influence of families and friends and employment practices; (2) health factors, including testing procedures, home-based testing, and health communication; and (3) contextual factors, including distrust for government and medical communities and the impact on cultural practices and celebrations.ConclusionsSocial, health, and contextual factors influence the decision to test for COVID-19. Understanding the community's perception is critical for successful implementation of preventive strategies

Calcineurin regulates innate antifungal immunity in neutrophils

Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs, like cyclosporine A (CsA), that inhibit calcineurin are highly susceptible to disseminated fungal infections, although it is unclear how these drugs suppress resistance to these opportunistic pathogens. We show that in a mouse model of disseminated Candida albicans infection, CsA-induced susceptibility to fungal infection maps to the innate immune system. To further define the cell types targeted by CsA, we generated mice with a conditional deletion of calcineurin B (CnB) in neutrophils. These mice displayed markedly decreased resistance to infection with C. albicans, and both CnB-deficient and CsA-treated neutrophils showed a defect in the ex vivo killing of C. albicans. In response to the fungal-derived pathogen-associated molecular pattern zymosan, neutrophils lacking CnB displayed impaired up-regulation of genes (IL-10, Cox2, Egr1, and Egr2) regulated by nuclear factor of activated T cells, the best characterized CnB substrate. This activity was Myd88 independent and was reproduced by stimulation with the β(1,3) glucan curdlan, indicating that dectin-1, rather than toll-like receptors, is the upstream activator of calcineurin. Our results suggest that disseminated fungal infections seen in CsA-treated patients are not just a general consequence of systemic suppression of adaptive immunity but are, rather, a result of the specific blockade of evolutionarily conserved innate pathways for fungal resistance

Introductory programming: a systematic literature review

As computing becomes a mainstream discipline embedded in the school curriculum and acts as an enabler for an increasing range of academic disciplines in higher education, the literature on introductory programming is growing. Although there have been several reviews that focus on specific aspects of introductory programming, there has been no broad overview of the literature exploring recent trends across the breadth of introductory programming. This paper is the report of an ITiCSE working group that conducted a systematic review in order to gain an overview of the introductory programming literature. Partitioning the literature into papers addressing the student, teaching, the curriculum, and assessment, we explore trends, highlight advances in knowledge over the past 15 years, and indicate possible directions for future research

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016