Quantification of CTOD fracture toughness in welded joints to evaluate the efficacy of vibration stress relief compared to thermal stress relief

Resonant vibration residual stress relief (R-VSR) is an alternative method to post-weld heat treatments (PWHT) which is said to lead to less distortion and lower costs. The method of superposition of cyclic stresses and residual stresses, which can lead to localized yielding of the material, dislocation movement and subsequent stress relief. This article aims at investigating the efficiency of resonant vibration in the relief of residual stresses in welded joints of HSLA Domex700 steel sheets. Mechanical stress relief was compared to a common PWHT, and stress levels were then quantified through X-ray diffraction. Samples were also characterized by CTOD fracture toughness tests, fractographic analysis and tensile tests. Results indicate that the mechanical method was significantly less effective in relieving stresses in comparison with the PWHT, but led to apparent improvements in fracture toughness and in tensile tests. FWHM values indicated significant distortion for PWHT and less distortion for R-VSR

Response of a DIN 18MnCrSiMo6-4 continuous cooling bainitic steel to plasma nitriding with a nitrogen rich gas composition

The use of continuous cooling bainitic steels can provide a more energy efficient manufacturing route. However, for their use in mechanical components like gears, it is necessary to improve their surface properties without impacting the core properties to guarantee reliable mechanical performance. The effect of temperature and time on the plasma nitriding response of a DIN 18MnCrSiMo6-4 steel was investigated. The plasma nitriding was performed for 3, 6 and 9 hours, at 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C, using a gas mixture composed of 76 vol.% nitrogen and 24 vol.% hydrogen. Samples were characterized before and after plasma nitriding concerning the microstructure, hardness and microhardness, fracture toughness, phase composition and residual stress states. Based on the results presented, layer growth constants (k) for different temperatures was determined. Moreover, it could be found that 500 °C gave the best results investigated here, as higher temperature took to core and surface hardness decrease. The nitrided samples with thicker compound layers presented a fracture behavior dominated by the formation of Palmqvist cracks. X-ray phase analysis indicated the formation of biphasic compound layer on the surface of all nitrided samples. The diffusion zone presented compressive residual stresses with highest values near the surface

Investigation of the residual stress distribution in repairs in H13 steel by friction hydro pillar processing

The distribution of residual stresses (RS) in repairs generated by Friction Hydro-Pillar Processing (FHPP) in AISI H13 was investigated. Three axial force levels, with consequent different deposition rates, were applied to replicate possible repaired conditions. The contour (CM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were employed for RS analysis in samples that were also evaluated through metallography, microhardness analysis, micro-tensile and Charpy testing. CM produced 2D maps of the RS in the joints, showing symmetrical distributions around the welded rod for all welded conditions. Other common features for all conditions were the maximum level of compressive RS, which was found in the TMAZ of the rod, and the maximum tensile residual stress, which was found near the HAZ of the base block. There was good agreement between the RS measurement techniques. Mechanical tests show similar tensile resistance for all conditions and an apparent increase in toughness at higher force levels

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

La correspondencia de Valencia : diario de noticias : eco imparcial de la opinión y de la prensa: Año L Número 20403 Edición 2ª edición - 1927 Noviembre 08

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

Analysis of layers obtained by controlled gas nitriding in SAE H13 AND SAE 4140 steel grades

Dentre os principais e mais efetivos tratamentos superficiais para a melhora das propriedades da superfície dos aços, encontra-se a nitretação e a nitrocarbonetação. Os benefícios da nitretação nos aços são o aumento da dureza, resistência ao desgaste, resistência à fadiga e resistência à corrosão. Por possuírem elementos como cromo, molibdênio e manganês, os aços ferramenta e aços baixa liga de ultra alta resistência são beneficiados pela nitretação. Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da nitretação nos aços SAE 4140 e SAE H13 através de análises metalográficas, espectroscopia de emissão óptica, difração de raios-x, microdureza e ensaio pino-sobre-disco. Para efeito de comparação, amostras de aço SAE 1045 e ferro puro foram nitretadas juntamente com amostras dos dois materiais anteriores. Foram executados três tratamentos diferentes em cada um dos aços, nitretação com baixo potencial de nitrogênio, nitretação com alto potencial de nitrogênio e nitrocarbonetação. Os dois primeiros tratamentos foram realizados em três tempos diferentes de duas, quatro e seis horas e a nitrocarbonetação foi realizada em seis horas. Os resultados mostraram a formação de uma camada nitretada com de camada branca seguida de uma camada de difusão com gradiente de propriedades. Um aumento significativo de dureza superficial é observado com a aplicação dos tratamentos. A nitrocarbonetação junto com alto potencial de nitretação se mostrou não sendo benéfica para a formação da camada em relação à nitretação com mesmo potencial. Nos testes tribológicos realizados, a camada nitretada se mostrou eficiente em aumentar a resistência ao desgaste nos aços SAE 4140 e SAE H13.Among the main and most effective surface treatments for improving the surface properties of steels are nitriding and nitrocarburizing. The benefits of nitriding in steels are the increase in hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Because they have elements such as chromium, molybdenum and manganese, tool steels and low alloy steels of ultra high strength are benefited by nitriding. In this work, the effect of nitriding on SAE 4140 and SAE H13 steels was studied through metallographic analysis, optical emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, microhardness and pin-on-disc test. For comparison purposes, samples of SAE 1045 steel and pure iron were nitrided together with samples of the two former materials. Three different treatments were performed in each of the steels, nitriding with low nitrogen potential, nitriding with high nitrogen potential and nitrocarburizing. The first two treatments were performed at three different times of two, four and six hours and nitrocarburizing was performed in six hours. The results showed the formation of a nitrided layer with a white layer followed by a gradient layer of properties. A significant increase in surface hardness is observed with the application of the treatments. Nitrocarburizing together with high nitriding potential proved to be of no benefit to the formation of the layer in relation to nitriding with the same potential. In the tribological tests carried out, the nitrided layer proved efficient in increasing wear resistance in SAE 4140 and SAE H13 steels

Properties of gas nitrided AISI 4140 steel grade

Nitretação está entre os tratamentos superficiais mais efetivos. Os principais benefícios da nitretação aos aços são o aumento da dureza, resistência ao desgaste, resistência à fadiga e resistência à corrosão. Com isso, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a resposta do AISI 4140 a diferentes condições de nitretação, quanto às propriedades químicas, microestruturais, de dureza e propriedades tribológicas. Para isso, foram feitas análises metalográficas, espectroscopia de emissão óptica de descarga incandescente (GDOES), difração de raios-x, microdureza e ensaio pino-sobre-disco. Nitretações gasosas foram executas em duas diferentes condições, com potenciais de nitretação de 0,6 e 2,0. A duração dos tratamentos foi de duas, quatro e seis horas. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um tratamento de nitrocarbonetação de seis horas, com a adição de carbono via injeção de gás de CO2, com potencial de carbonetação de 1,0. Os resultados mostraram a formação de camada branca seguida de uma camada de difusão com gradiente de propriedades como dureza e composição química. Um aumento significativo de dureza de 400 HV é observado na camada de difusão. Os diferentes tratamentos mostraram que o potencial de nitretação tem maior influência sobre a espessura do que o tempo de tratamento. A nitrocarbonetação formou uma camada nitretada 21% menos espessa do que nas amostras nitretadas de mesmo potencial de nitretação, enquanto que a camada de poros foi semelhante. Nos testes tribológicos realizados, houve uma diminuição do desgaste de 61% com a presença da camada nitretada e o modo de desgaste mudou de abrasivo/adesivo para abrasivo.Nitriding is among the most effective surface treatments. The main benefits of nitriding on steels are the increasing in hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the response of AISI 4140 to different nitriding conditions, regarding chemical, microstructure, hardness and tribological properties. To accomplish this, metallographic analyzes, optical emission spectroscopy glow discharge (GDOES), x-ray diffraction, hardness and pin-on-disc test were performed. Gaseous nitriding were performed in two different conditions, with nitriding potential of 0.6 and 2.0. The process time was two, four and six hours. Additionally, a nitrocarburizing treatment was carried out with the addition of carbon via CO2 gas injection with carburizing potential of 1.0. The results showed the formation of white layer followed by a diffusion layer with gradient properties as hardness and chemical composition. A significant increase in hardness about 400 HV is observed in the diffusion. The different treatments showed that the nitriding potential have more influence on the thickness than the treatment time. The nitrocarburized sample formed a nitrided layer 21% less thick than the nitrided sample with same nitriding potential, while the pore layer was similar. In performed tribological tests, there was a 61% decrease in wear due to the presence of the nitrided and the wear mode changed from abrasive / adhesive to abrasive mode

Properties of gas nitrided AISI 4140 steel grade

Nitretação está entre os tratamentos superficiais mais efetivos. Os principais benefícios da nitretação aos aços são o aumento da dureza, resistência ao desgaste, resistência à fadiga e resistência à corrosão. Com isso, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a resposta do AISI 4140 a diferentes condições de nitretação, quanto às propriedades químicas, microestruturais, de dureza e propriedades tribológicas. Para isso, foram feitas análises metalográficas, espectroscopia de emissão óptica de descarga incandescente (GDOES), difração de raios-x, microdureza e ensaio pino-sobre-disco. Nitretações gasosas foram executas em duas diferentes condições, com potenciais de nitretação de 0,6 e 2,0. A duração dos tratamentos foi de duas, quatro e seis horas. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um tratamento de nitrocarbonetação de seis horas, com a adição de carbono via injeção de gás de CO2, com potencial de carbonetação de 1,0. Os resultados mostraram a formação de camada branca seguida de uma camada de difusão com gradiente de propriedades como dureza e composição química. Um aumento significativo de dureza de 400 HV é observado na camada de difusão. Os diferentes tratamentos mostraram que o potencial de nitretação tem maior influência sobre a espessura do que o tempo de tratamento. A nitrocarbonetação formou uma camada nitretada 21% menos espessa do que nas amostras nitretadas de mesmo potencial de nitretação, enquanto que a camada de poros foi semelhante. Nos testes tribológicos realizados, houve uma diminuição do desgaste de 61% com a presença da camada nitretada e o modo de desgaste mudou de abrasivo/adesivo para abrasivo.Nitriding is among the most effective surface treatments. The main benefits of nitriding on steels are the increasing in hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the response of AISI 4140 to different nitriding conditions, regarding chemical, microstructure, hardness and tribological properties. To accomplish this, metallographic analyzes, optical emission spectroscopy glow discharge (GDOES), x-ray diffraction, hardness and pin-on-disc test were performed. Gaseous nitriding were performed in two different conditions, with nitriding potential of 0.6 and 2.0. The process time was two, four and six hours. Additionally, a nitrocarburizing treatment was carried out with the addition of carbon via CO2 gas injection with carburizing potential of 1.0. The results showed the formation of white layer followed by a diffusion layer with gradient properties as hardness and chemical composition. A significant increase in hardness about 400 HV is observed in the diffusion. The different treatments showed that the nitriding potential have more influence on the thickness than the treatment time. The nitrocarburized sample formed a nitrided layer 21% less thick than the nitrided sample with same nitriding potential, while the pore layer was similar. In performed tribological tests, there was a 61% decrease in wear due to the presence of the nitrided and the wear mode changed from abrasive / adhesive to abrasive mode

Response of a DIN 18MnCrSiMo6-4 continuous cooling bainitic steel to plasma nitriding with a nitrogen rich gas composition

The use of continuous cooling bainitic steels can provide a more energy efficient manufacturing route. However, for their use in mechanical components like gears, it is necessary to improve their surface properties without impacting the core properties to guarantee reliable mechanical performance. The effect of temperature and time on the plasma nitriding response of a DIN 18MnCrSiMo6-4 steel was investigated. The plasma nitriding was performed for 3, 6 and 9 hours, at 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C, using a gas mixture composed of 76 vol.% nitrogen and 24 vol.% hydrogen. Samples were characterized before and after plasma nitriding concerning the microstructure, hardness and microhardness, fracture toughness, phase composition and residual stress states. Based on the results presented, layer growth constants (k) for different temperatures was determined. Moreover, it could be found that 500 °C gave the best results investigated here, as higher temperature took to core and surface hardness decrease. The nitrided samples with thicker compound layers presented a fracture behavior dominated by the formation of Palmqvist cracks. X-ray phase analysis indicated the formation of biphasic compound layer on the surface of all nitrided samples. The diffusion zone presented compressive residual stresses with highest values near the surface