Synthesis of Anthocyanin-Rich Red cabbage Nanoflowers and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties

In this report we developed, for the first time, a novel plant extract–metal ions nanoflower (NFs) and investigate their cytotoxic properties. The major anthocyanins (Anth) of Red cabbage, acted as organic component and metal ions, copper (II) (Cu2+) and silver ions (Ag+) acted as inorganic components. Although Anth-Cu2+ nanoflowers are quite compact, uniform and porous morphology, Anth-Ag+ nanoflower gives splayed shape. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) were used to examine the structrues of the NFs. The FT-IR results show Cu–O and Cu–N bonds in NF, can be indication of the NFs formation. While antimicrobial activities of the NFs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), cytotoxicity studies were performed with MCF7 cell line. The potential mechanisms of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the NFs can be the negatively/positively charged molecules in the plant extracts, which may enhance reaction between the NFs and the cells and the action of the NFs as Fenton like agent for production of Cu+ and Ag+ ions and various radicals, which cause membrane damage and cell death through oxidative stress

Formation of functional nanobiocatalysts with a novel and encouraging immobilization approach and their versatile bioanalytical applications

The discovery of functional organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (FNFs) consisting of proteins/enzymes as the organic components and Cu(ii) ion as the inorganic component has made an enormous impact on enzyme immobilization studies. The FNFs synthesized by an encouraging and novel approach not only showed high stabilities but also much enhanced catalytic activities as compared to free and conventionally immobilized enzymes. A recent development demonstrated that FNF formation has moved beyond the initial discovery in which enzymes and Cu2+ ions used as the organic and inorganic parts, respectively, are replaced with new organic (chitosan, amino acid and plant extracts) and inorganic (Cu2+ and Fe2+) materials. The new organic materials incorporated into FNFs act as Fenton-like agents and then show peroxidase-like activity owing to the metal ions and the porous structure of FNFs in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). All FNFs have been widely utilized in many different scientific and industrial fields due to their greatly enhanced activities and stabilities. This review focuses primarily on the preparation, characterization, and bioanalytical applications of FNFs and explains the mechanisms of their formation and enhanced activities and stabilities

Formation of functional nanobiocatalysts with a novel and encouraging immobilization approach and their versatile bioanalytical applications

The discovery of functional organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (FNFs) consisting of proteins/enzymes as the organic components and Cu(ii) ion as the inorganic component has made an enormous impact on enzyme immobilization studies. The FNFs synthesized by an encouraging and novel approach not only showed high stabilities but also much enhanced catalytic activities as compared to free and conventionally immobilized enzymes. A recent development demonstrated that FNF formation has moved beyond the initial discovery in which enzymes and Cu2+ ions used as the organic and inorganic parts, respectively, are replaced with new organic (chitosan, amino acid and plant extracts) and inorganic (Cu2+ and Fe2+) materials. The new organic materials incorporated into FNFs act as Fenton-like agents and then show peroxidase-like activity owing to the metal ions and the porous structure of FNFs in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). All FNFs have been widely utilized in many different scientific and industrial fields due to their greatly enhanced activities and stabilities. This review focuses primarily on the preparation, characterization, and bioanalytical applications of FNFs and explains the mechanisms of their formation and enhanced activities and stabilities

Exogenous pulmonary surfactant: a review focused on adjunctive therapy for SARS CoV-2 including SP-A and SP-D as added clinical marker.

Type I and type II pneumocytes are two forms of epithelial cells found lining the alveoli in the lungs. Type II pneumocytes exclusively secrete `pulmonary surfactants,' a lipoprotein complex made up of 90% lipids (mainly phospholipids) and 10% surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D). Respiratory diseases such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are reported to preferentially attack type II pneumocytes of the lungs. After viral invasion, consequent viral propagation and destruction of type II pneumocytes causes altered surfactant production, resulting in dyspnea and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Exogenous animalderived or synthetic pulmonary surfactant therapy has already shown immense success in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and has the potential to contribute efficiently toward repair of damaged alveoli and preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-associated respiratory failure. Furthermore, early detection of surfactant collectins (SP-A and SP-D) in the circulatory system can be a significant clinical marker for disease prognosis in the near future