Previous studies have demonstrated that rural Gambian children have poor growth, delayed puberty and low bone mineral status. Their calcium intake is low (300 - 400 mg/d). This study examined the benefit of an increase in calcium intake on growth and bone mineral development in Gambian children. 160 subjects, aged 8-12 years old (80 M, 80 F) were recruited into a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of calcium supplementation. Bone mineral status was evaluated using single photon absorptiometry of the radius, and ultrasound measurements at the calcaneus. Anthropometry was performed and pubertal status assessed. Dietary intake was measured, and information on subject characteristics, physical activity and lifestyle factors were obtained. Fasting blood and 24h urine were collected for measurement of biochemical indices of calcium and bone metabolism. Data was collected at baseline, after 12 months of supplementation (714 mg Ca /d) and 12 months after withdrawal of the supplement. Analysis of baseline data showed there were no differences in subject characteristics and bone variables between boys and girls, except that girls had significantly greater triceps skinfold thickness (pâ€0.0001). There were no significant differences between the supplemented and placebo groups in subject characteristics, anthropometry or bone variables at baseline. The Gambian children were smaller by â„1 SD for their age compared with British reference children and the majority were prepubertal. At outcome, the supplemented group had significantly higher BMC, BMD and size- adjusted BMC at the mid-shaft and distal radius compared with the placebo group. No differences were observed in response between boys and girls or at different ages or pubertal status. There was no significant effect of the calcium supplement on weight, height or bone width. At follow-up, the supplemented group still had significantly higher BMC, BMD and size-adjusted BMC at the mid-shaft radius and, although not significant, a similar trend was seen at the distal radius. The calcium supplemented group had significantly lower concentrations of plasma osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, phosphate, lower urinary titratable acid and phosphate outputs, and had a greater urinary calcium output than the placebo group at outcome. At follow-up the only difference remaining was a lower PTH in the calcium supplemented group. The results suggest that Gambian children on a low calcium diet may benefit from a higher calcium intake by lowering bone turnover rate. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term benefit of calcium supplement on bone mineral acquisition of Gambian children
FakultĂ€t Agrarwissenschaften. Institut fĂŒr Agrar- und Sozialökonomie in den Tropen und Subtropen
Publication date
01/01/2016
Field of study
This dissertation aims to evaluate the impact of improved rice varieties and farmer training programs that have been introduced to boost local rice production in The Gambia. Rice is the main staple crop of The Gambia. The per capita consumption level of rice is estimated at 117 kg per annum, which is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. The annual consumption of rice is estimated at 195, 811 metric tons, out of which only 51,137 metric tons are produced nationally. This huge deficit is met through imports, at an estimated cost of about US50millionannually.Asaresult,thegovernmentiscommittedtoattainingriceselfâsufficiency.Toachievethisobjective,currentseffortshaveconcentratedontheintroductionofyieldincreasingimprovedricevarietiesandfarmertrainingprograms.ToevaluatehowsuchimprovedricevarietiesandfarmertrainingprogramsarecontributingtowardstheachievementofriceselfâsufficiencyinTheGambiaisthemainfocusofthisdissertation.Toevaluatetheimpactofimprovedricevarietiesandfarmertrainingprograms,thisstudyhasobtainedacountryâwidedatafromricegrowingcommunitiesandhouseholdsthatwereselectedthroughamultiâstagestratifiedrandomsamplingprocedure.Datawereobtainedduring2006and2010ricecroppingseasons.Thedatacollectedwereusedtoaddressthreeresearchtopics:(1)Howaccessibilitytoseedsaffectsthepotentialadoptionofanimprovedricevariety:ThecaseofTheNewRiceforAfrica(NERICA)inTheGambia,(2)TheimpactofNewRiceforAfrica(NERICA)adoptiononhouseholdfoodsecurityandhealthinTheGambia,and(3)TheimpactofagriculturaltrainingontechnicalefficiencyofsmallholderriceproducersinTheGambia.Theseresearchtopicsarethemainpillarsofthisdissertation.TheaimofthefirstresearchtopicwastoassessthepopulationadoptionrateofNERICAanditsdeterminants.TheNERICAisahighyieldingricevarietythatwasofficiallyintroducedinTheGambiain2003.TheintroductionofNERICAwasanattempttakenbythegovernmenttoincreasericeproductionandproductivityinthecountry.ThisstudyfocusesontwomainconstraintsthatlimittheadoptionofNERICA:awarenessandaccesstoitsseeds.WeusedthetreatmentevaluationtechniquetoaddresstheseconstraintsandestimatethetruepopulationadoptionrateofNERICAinTheGambia.TheresultsofouranalysisshowthattheNERICApopulationadoptionratecouldhavebeen76WefoundfarmercontactwithextensionservicesandaccesstoinâkindcreditassignificantdeterminantsofaccesstoandadoptionofNERICAvarieties.Thepolicyimplicationofthesefindingsistoincreasefarmercontactwithextensionandfacilitateaccesstoinâkindcreditserviceslikeimprovedseedstoallthericefarmingcommunities.ThisislikelytoincreaseawarenessandaccesstoNERICAseeds,whichcanhelptosignificantlyclosethepopulationadoptiongapofNERICAinTheGambia.Moreover,wheneffortsaremadetomaketheentirericefarmingpopulationawareoftheexistenceofNERICAvarietiesandalsomaketheseedsofNERICAaccessibletoallricefarmers,thenitwillnotbemeaningfulforfutureresearchtoattempttofurtherestimatepopulationadoptionrateofNERICAinTheGambia.Undersuchcircumstance,amoremeaningfulestimateofadoptionisgivenbyassessingtheintensityoftechnologyuseamongadopters.ForthecaseofNERICAvarieties,itwillbemoreinterestingtoknowtheshareoftotalriceareafamersareallocatingtoNERICAvarieties.ThiswillgiveabetterpictureregardingthedesirabilityoftheNERICAtechnologybythetargetricefarmingpopulation.ThesecondresearchtopicattemptstoidentifyimprovementsinhouseholdfoodsecurityandhealthoutcomeindicatorsthatcanbeattributedtoNERICAadoption.Weusedfoodconsumptionscores(FCS)andsickdayspercapitaamongfarmhouseholdsmembersasoutcomeindicatorsoffoodsecurityandhealth,respectively.SinceNERICAadoptionisadecisionmadebyricefarmers,weassumethatthisselectiondecisionispartlybasedonunobservablefactors,forexample,farmersattitudetowardswork.Therefore,weusedtheinstrumentalvariableapproachtoidentifycausaleffectsofNERICAadoptiononfoodsecurityandhealth.TheresultsofouranalysisshowsignificantdifferencesinsomekeysocioâeconomicanddemographiccharacteristicsbetweenNERICAadoptersandnonâadopters.Theseadoptinghouseholds.However,theresultsofouranalysishaveshownnosignificantimpactofNERICAadoptiononhealth.Thiscouldbeattributedtothefactthatweusedinformationonallhouseholdmemberstocreatenumberofsickdayspercapita.Giventhelimitedscopeofthesurveydataregardinghealth,morepreciseindicatorsofhealth,suchasdetailedindividualrecalldataonspecificdiseases,anthropometricdata,orotherhealthindicatorswerenotavailable.Numberofsickdayspercapitaisahighlynoisyindicatorwhichtendtobenegativelycorrelatedwithhouseholdsize.Whenoneindividualrespondentreportsonthehealthstatusofallhouseholdsmembers,itcanleadtounderestimationifthehouseholdislarge.Forthisreason,werecommendthatfuturestudiesthatintendtoidentifytheimpactofNERICAadoptiononhealthshouldfocusonindividualrecalldata,whichmaybeabetteroutcomeindicator.Finally,thethirdresearchtopicaimstoidentifyimprovementsintechnicalefficiencyofsmallholderricefarmersthatcanbeattributedtoagriculturalricefarmertrainingprogramsintroducedinTheGambiatoincreasericeproductionandproductivity.Technicalefficiencyisameasureofhowtheuseofbestricefarmingpracticesaffectsthetotalyieldofricefarmers.Technicalefficiencyisachievedwhenitisnotpossibletoincreaseoutputwithoutincreasinginputs.Duetotechnicalinefficiencies,thereisahugegapbetweenactualandpotentialyieldsofricefarmersinsubâSaharanAfrica.Forinstance,thericeyieldofuplandfarmers,insubâSaharanAfrica,isestimatedat1t/hawhereastheyieldsatresearchstationsrangesbetween2.5to5t/ha.Thisyieldgapismainlyattributedtoinappropriatefarmingpracticesandlackoffarmersaccesstomoderninputsthatinfluenceefficiencyinfarmersfields.Asaresult,thisstudyassesseshowtheintroductionofbestagriculturalricefarmingpractices,throughagriculturaltrainingprograms,affectsthetechnicalefficiencyofsmallholderfarmersinTheGambia.Inthefirststage,weuseDataEnvelopmentAnalysis(DEA)techniquetoestimatetechnicalefficiencyscoresforeachsampledhouseholdandusedTobitregressiontoidentifyfactorsinfluencingtechnicalefficiency.Inthesecondstage,weemploypropensityscorematchingtoassessprogramimpactonparticipantsusingtechnicalefficiencyscoresasouroutcomeindicator.Theresultsoftheanalysisindicatethatagriculturaltrainingsignificantlyincreasestechnicalefficiencyofsmallholderricefarmersby10percent.Thistranslatestoriceyieldincreaseof260kg/ha,whichresultsinnetsocialandprivatebenefitsperannumofUS 43700 for 900 rice farming households and 30 extension agents, and US53perhousehold,respectively.OuranalysisofinvestmentonagriculturaltrainingyieldsaNetPresentValue(NPV)ofUS 195816, a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 5.3 and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 99%. These results justify increased investment on agricultural training programs to boost rice production and productivity. Further analysis to identify determinants of technical efficiency show farmers contact with extension workers and a farmers association membership as significant factors influencing technical efficiency.
The significance of farmers contact with extension and association membership in determining technical efficiency indicates that extension contact and association membership could be important impact pathways to improve technical efficiency among smallholder farmers. The policy implication of these findings is to encourage rice farmers, through agricultural extension services, to be members of rice farmers associations and motivate them to meet regularly to exchange ideas and information about new developments within and outside their rice farming communities. Moreover, we define agricultural training as participation in at least one rice farmer training program. Since some training programs are likely to be more effective than others, defining participation as receipt of at least one training on rice cultivation practices is likely to underestimate the impact of highly effective training programs. Consequently, we recommend that future studies that intend to assess the impact of agricultural training on technical efficiency should identify specific training programs and assess their impact on technical efficiency separately.Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, den Einfluss von verbesserten Technologien und Programmen, die im Rahmen des Reisanbaus in Gambia eingefĂŒhrt wurden um die lokale Reisproduktion zu steigern, zu evaluieren. Reis ist Hauptnahrungsmittel in Gambia. Der Reiskonsum pro Kopf wird auf 117kg pro Jahr geschĂ€tzt, und ist damit einer der höchsten in Subsahara-Afrika. Der landesweite jĂ€hrliche Reiskonsum wird auf 195.811 Tonnen geschĂ€tzt, wovon 51.137 Tonnen im Inland produziert werden. Das gewaltige Defizit wird durch Importe zu geschĂ€tzten Kosten von jĂ€hrlich 50 Millionen USausgeglichen.DieRegierungistdaherbestrebt,imBezugaufReisproduktionwirtschaftlicheUnabhašngigkeitzuerlangen.UmdiesesZielzuerreichen,habensichdieaktuellenBemušhungendaraufkonzentriert,ertragssteigerndelandwirtschaftlicheTechnologienundProgrammeeinzufušhren.SchwerpunktdervorliegendenArbeitistes,auszuwerten,wiesolcheTechnologienundProgrammedazubeitragen,wirtschaftlicheUnabhašngigkeitinderReisproduktioninGambiazuerreichen.UmdieAuswirkungenderTechnologienundProgrammeinderReisproduktionzuevaluieren,liegtderStudieeinlandesweiterDatensatzvonreisproduzierendenGemeinschaftenundHaushaltenvor,dieušbereinmehrstufigesStichprobenverfahrenausgewašhltwurden.DieDatenwurdenindenErntejahren2006â2010gesammelt,undwurdenverwendetumdreiverschiedeneForschungsfragenaufzustellen:(1)WiebeeinflusstderZugangzuSaatgutdiepotentielleEinfušhrungeinerverbessertenReisvariante?DerFallNewRiceforAfrica(NERICA)inGambia,(2)DieAuswirkungenderEinfušhrungvonNewRiceforAfrica(NERICA)aufErnašhrungssicherheitundGesundheitingambischenHaushalten,und(3)DieAuswirkungenlandwirtschaftlicherWeiterbildungenkleinbašuerlicherReisproduzentenzutechnischerEffizienzinGambia.DiesedreiForschungsfragenstellendiedreiHauptsašulendervorliegendenDissertationdar.ZieldererstenForschungsfragewar,denBevošlkerungsanteilfestzustellen,derNERICASaatguteinsetzt,sowiedieFaktorendiezudessenEinsatzbeitragen.NERICAisteineertragreicheReissorte,welcheoffiziellimJahr2003inGambiaeingefušhrtwurde.DieEinfušhrungvonNERICAwareinVersuchderRegierung,dieReisproduktionunddieProduktivitaštdesLandeszuerhošhen.DievorliegendeStudiekonzentriertsichaufzweiprimašreEinschrašnkungenwelchedenEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutlimitieren:DasWissenderProduzentenušberdasVorhandenseinvonNERICASaatgut,sowiedenZugangdazu.UmdieseEinschrašnkungenanzugehen,unddieunverzerrteAnwendungvonNERICASaatgutdurchdiegambischeBevošlkerungabzuschaštzen,wurdeeineWirkungsanalysedurchgefušhrt.DieErgebnissederAnalysezeigen,dassdieAnwendungsquotestattderinderStichprobevomJahr2010tatsašchlichbeobachtetenQuotevon66WeitereUntersuchungenzeigen,dassderEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutbei92DerKontaktderReisproduzentenzulandwirtschaftlichenBeratungsdienstenundeinerleichterterZugangzunichtmonetašrenKreditenwurdenalsbedeutendeFaktorenfušrdenZugangzuunddenEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutsortenherausgestellt.DiePolitikempfehlungzudenErgebnissenlautet,denKontaktderReisproduzentenzulandwirtschaftlichenBeratungenzuverbessern,unddenZugangzunichtmonetašrenKrediten,wiez.B.verbessertemSaatgut,fušralleReisproduzentenzuerleichtern.DieswušrdehošchstwahrscheinlichdasWissenumdieExistenzvonNERICASaatgutunddenZugangdazuverbessern,waswiederumdazubeitragenwušrde,dieAnwendungslušckebeiNERICASaatgutindergambischenBevošlkerungbetrašchtlichzuverkleinern.WennesBemušhungendahingehendgibt,diealleReisproduzentenušberdasVorhandenseinvonNERICASaatgutsorteninKenntniszusetzen,undušberdiesdasSaatgutfušrallezugašnglichgemachtwird,wirdesauĂerdemfušrkušnftigeForschungsvorhabennichtmehrbedeutsamsein,weiterhindieAnwendungsquotevonNERICASaatgutindergambischenReisproduzentenschaftzuerheben.UntersolchenUmstašndenwašreessinnvoller,denEinsatzvonNERICAzubewerten,indemdieIntensitaštinderTechnologienutzungunterdenAnwendernerhobenwird.LetztereswušrdeeindetaillierteresBildbezušglichderAttraktivitaštderNERICATechnologiefušrdieZielgruppederReisproduzentenschaftergeben.DiezweiteForschungsfragezieltdaraufab,VerbesserungenhinsichtlichderErnašhrungssicherheitindenHaushalten,sowieErgebnisindikatorenzugesundheitlichenAuswirkungenzuidentifizieren,diederAnwendungvonNERICASaatgutzugeschriebenwerdenkošnnen.HierfušrwurdenFoodConsumptionScores(FCS)undKrankheitstageproKopfderreisproduzierendenHaushaltsmitgliederalsErgebnisindikatorenfušrErnašhrungssicherheitundGesundheitherangezogen.DadieEntscheidungzumEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutvondenReisproduzentengetroffenwird,wirdangenommen,dassdieseAuswahlentscheidungteilweiseaufnichtbeobachtbarenFaktorenbasiert,wiebeispielsweisedieEinstellungderReisproduzentenzuihrerArbeit.DaherwurdeeineInstrumentvariableangewendet,umkausaleEffektedesEinsatzesvonNERICASaatgutaufErnašhrungssicherheitundGesundheitzuermitteln.DieErgebnissedieserAnalysezeigensignifikanteUnterschiedebeieinigensoziooškonomischenunddemografischenSchlušsselmerkmalenzwischenNERICAAnwendernundNichtâAnwendern.DiesebeinhaltendieErfahrungbeimReisanbauinHochlagen,dasauĂerlandwirtschaftlicheEinkommen,denKontaktzulandwirtschaftlichenBeratungenundZugangzuKrediten.SolcheVariablenkošnnendieAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICASaatgutverzerren,wennsienichtinausgeglichenemUmfangbeidenBehandlungsâundKontrollgruppenvorkommen.WenneineGruppebeispielsweiseeinhošheresauĂerlandwirtschaftlichesEinkommenhat,košnntenUnterschiedeinnerhalbderbeidenGruppeninErnašhrungssicherheitundGesundheitsversorgungursašchlichvondieserVariablenstammenundsindnichtnotwendigerweisedemEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutzuzuschreiben.UmsolcheDifferenzenzuregulieren,undeinekausaleInterpretationderAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICASaatgutzuermošglichen,wirdderLocalAverageTreatmentEffect(LATE)kalkuliert.DieErgebnissedeutendaraufhin,dassderEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutdenLebensmittelkonsuminnerhalbeinesHaushaltssignifikantumdurchschnittlich14DieTatsache,dassdiepositivenAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICASaatgutaufdieErnašhrungssicherheitfušrHaushaltemitZugangzuNaturalkreditenwiebeispielsweiseinFormvonverbessertemSaatgut,grošĂersind,machtesfušrdiePolitikerforderlich,dienotwendigenBemušhungenzuunternehmen,umNERICASaatgutvonGebietenmithoherProduktionsleistungzureisproduzierendenDošrfernmitniedrigemZugangaufnichtâmonetašreKrediteumzuverteilen.DassdieAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICASaatgutaufErnašhrungssicherheitbeiHaushaltenmitmašnnlichemHaushaltsvorstandgrošĂersind,weistnichtnotwendigerweisedaraufhindassderEinsatzvonNERICASaatgutkeinesignifikantenAuswirkungenaufdieErnašhrungssicherheitvonFrauenaufindividuellerEbenehat.DieverwendetenDatenwurdenaufHaushaltsebenegesammelt,sodassesnichtmošglichwar,dieErnašhrungssicherheitbeieinzelnenPersonenzuerfassen.Daherempfehlenwir,dasssichkušnftigeStudien,welchedieAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICAaufdieErnašhrungssicherheiterfassenwollen,DatenaufindividuellerEbenesammelnsollten,umeinengeschlechtsspezifischenVergleichzurErnašhrungssicherheitbeiMašnnernundFrauenzuermošglichen.WeiterhingibtesBehauptungen,dassNERICASaatgutsortenimVergleichzutraditionellenundimportiertenReisvarianteneinenhošherenProteingehaltundeineausgeglichenereKompositionvonAminosašurenhaštten.DieskošnntebeiHaushaltendieNERICAeinsetzenzupositivenAuswirkungenimGesundheitsbereichfušhren.AllerdingshabendieErgebnisseunsererStudiekeinesignifikantenAuswirkungendesEinsatzesvonNERICAaufdieGesundheitergeben.LetztereskošnntederTatsachegeschuldetsein,dassdieInformationenallerHaushaltsmitgliederverwendetwurdenumdieKrankheitstageproKopfzuermitteln.DerzeitgibtesinGambiaeinenkostenlosenGesundheitsdienstfušrdiemeistenKurzzeitâErkrankungenbeiKindern,woraussichdieinsignifikantenErgebnissedervorliegendenStudieergebenhabenkošnnten.Daherempfehlenwir,dasskušnftigeStudiendiesichmitdenAuswirkungendesNERICAEinsatzesaufdieGesundheitbefassen,sichauferwachsene,arbeitsfašhigeHaushaltsmitgliederkonzentrierensollten,dadieseeinbessererErgebisindikatorseinkošnnten.DiedritteForschungsfragezieltschlieĂlichdaraufab,VerbesserungenindertechnischenEffizienzbeiKleinbauernimReisanbauzuermitteln,diedenlandwirtschaftlichenWeiterbildungsprogrammenfušrReisproduzentenzuzuschreibensind,welcheinGambiaeingefušhrtwurdenumdieReisproduktionundProduktivitaštzusteigern.IndervorliegendenStudiewirdgemessen,wiedieAnwendungderbestenReisanbaumethodendenGesamtertragderReisproduzentenerhošht.AufgrundtechnischerIneffizienzenklaffteinegroĂeLušckezwischendemtatsašchlichenunddempotentiellmošglichenErtragderReisproduzenteninSubsaharaAfrika.DerReisertragderProduzentenimHochlandliegtetwabeieinerTonneproHektar,wašhrenddieErtrašgeanForschungsstandpunkten2,5bis5TonnenproHektarbetragen.DieseErtragslušckewirdhauptsašchlichunangemessenenAnbaumethodenzugeschrieben,dieaufdenReisfeldernweitverbreitetsind.InfolgedessensolldievorliegendeStudieerfassen,wieeineEinfušhrungderbestenReisanbaumethodendurchlandwirtschaftlicheWeiterbildungsprogrammedietechnischeEffizienzdergambischenKleinbauernbeeinflusst.DerkausaleWirkungszusammenhangderlandwirtschaftlichenWeiterbildungmittechnischerEffizienzwirdinzweiPhasenbemessen.IndererstenPhasewirddieDataEnvelopmentAnalysis(DEA)verwendet,umtechnischeEffizienzâWertefušrjedenbefragtenHaushaltzuermitteln,sowieeineTobitâRegressionsanalysedurchgefušhrt,umdieFaktorenzuermitteln,dieeinenEinflussaufdietechnischeEffizienzhaben.InderzweitenPhasewirddiePropensityScoreMatchingMethodeangewendet,umdieAuswirkungenvonWeiterbildungsprogrammenaufderenTeilnehmerzuerfassen,wobeitechnischeEffizienzâWertealsErgebnisindikatordienen.DieErgebnissederAnalysezeigen,dasslandwirtschaftlicheWeiterbildungendieFašhigkeitderreisproduzierendenKleinbauern,diebestenAnbaumethodenanzuwenden,signifikantum10 fĂŒr 900 reisproduzierende Haushalte und 30 Berater, bzw. 53 USproHaushalt.EineAnalysederInvestitionendieinlandwirtschaftlicheBeratunggetaštigtwerdenergibteinenKapitalwert(NPV)von195.815,8US, ein Kosten-Nutzen-VerhĂ€ltnis von 5,3 und einen internen Zinssatz (IRR) von 99%. Diese Ergebnisse rechtf
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indikasi intrusi air laut dengan menganalisis nilai konduktivitas dan salinitas air sumur serta menganalisis hubungan intrusi air laut dengan kejadian diare. Penelitian dilakukan di pesisir pantai Kecamatan Padang Utara dengan 30 titik sampel serta variasi jarak 0-200 m dari bibir pantai ke arah darat. Pengukuran nilai konduktivitas dilakukan di lapangan menggunakan DHL meter sedangkan untuk salinitas dengan metode argentometri untuk menganalisis ion klorida yang kemudian dikonversi ke Persamaan Knudsen. Hubungan kejadian diare dengan intrusi air laut diketahui dengan cara menganalisis rasio risiko pada responden yang menggunakan air sumur sebagai sumber air bersih. Nilai rata-rata konduktivitas adalah 44,4-6462”S/cm sedangkan nilai salinitas berkisar 0,301-3,338â°. Perbandingan nilai yang terukur dengan klasifikasi air tanah diketahui 4 titik merupakan air payau sebagai indikasi intrusi air laut yang ditemukan di Kelurahan Ulak Karang Utara dan Ulak Karang Selatan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis rasio risiko, pengguna sumur yang terintrusi air laut berisiko 3,26 kali lebih besar mengalami diare dibandingkan dengan pengguna sumur yang tidak terintrusi.
Kata Kunci: intrusi air laut, kejadian diare, konduktivitas, pesisir pantai Padang Utara, salinita
Introduction: This cross-sectional study examined variables associated with body image concern (BIC) and
whether these associations differed between female and male students in Egypt. During the period 2009-2010,
3271 undergraduate students (1663 females, 1504 males) at Assuit University in Egypt completed a
self-administered questionnaire that assessed BIC and other socio-demographic and health related variables.
Methods: Based on Cooper et al.âs Body Shape Questionnaire the authors categorized BIC into âno BICâ; âmild
BICâ; and âmoderate/marked BICâ. Multifactorial linear regression analysis examined the association between
BIC and BMI, body image perception, lifestyle (physical activity, nutrition, smoking) and mental well-being
variables (quality of life, finances-related stress, perceived stress, perceived health, depressive symptoms).
Results: About 40% of the female students and 25.6% of male students reported having mild to marked BIC.
The correlates of BIC did not exhibit striking differences between male and female students. For both genders,
BIC was positively associated with BMI, body image perception as being too fat and with depressive symptoms.
Self-rated health was inversely associated with BIC.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that health promoting strategies should address the co-occurrence of
depressive symptoms and BIC, and should furthermore pay due attention to higher prevalence of BIC among female students
The objective of the Scorecard study was to assess the intervention of OneSight with respect to Awareness of their services in The Gambia and the perception of Gambians on eye care in The Gambia. More specifically in this paper, the scorecard assesses the level at which people are aware of the existence, the activities and the services offered by OneSight in The Gambia. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study revealed that the majority of the sampled respondents are aware of refractive error i.e., about 90%. Their major source of information about eye care issues was through radio however, they gather important information from other sources such as healthcare workers and television. Most of the respondents who are aware of eyesight-related problems, typically obtained information through Government clinics, only 2.8% got their information from OneSight. It was also discovered that 94.6% of the respondents sought eye care treatment from health facilities as opposed to a home or local treatments. Based on the findings, practical implications and an agenda for future research are suggested. For instance, it is recommended that OneSight should strengthen community outreach programs, improve its communication strategies, create more visibility, and conduct more publicity events for more awareness about its programme and activities
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research
Publication date
01/02/2020
Field of study
Biotechnology is an important tool which can ensure the production of crop that will have longer shelf live, drought resistant, high saline tolerance, ability to withstand adverse conditions among others. The Gambia among the low-income West African countries, where agriculture is practiced by two-thirds of its citizens and couple with global population which is now around 7 billion predicted to rise to 9 billion by 2050, the Gambian government really needs to act fast and positively in welcoming genetically modified crops if itâs to be able to feed its population now roughly around 2 million people. Application of Biotechnology in crop and animal farming through genetic engineering has led to the development of crops with desirable characteristics such as crop varieties that cope better with drought and salinity, crops that more resistant to pest and diseases and crops that use nutrients more efficiently. This can help transform The Gambia into a country with a robust agriculture capable of not feeding the nation but also generating substantial foreign exchange. Through Agricultural biotechnology, this looming crisis can be averted eradicating malnutrition by ensuring food self-sufficiency through the production of resistant crops to pests and diseases, having longer shelf-lives, higher nutritional content and palatability, higher yields and early maturity period, tolerant to adverse weather and soil conditions. Achieving food sufficiency which is a direct consequence of a flourishing agricultural sector will facilitate a shift from other natural resources as a source of foreign exchange thus promoting economic diversity through agriculture
Pendahuluan : Masa nifas merupakan masa kritis baik bagi ibu maupun bayinya. Masa nifas dimulai sejak 2 jam pertama setelah lahirnya plasenta sampai dengan 6 minggu/42 hari setelah itu. Dua jam pertama setelah persalinan merupakan saat yang paling krisis bagi ibu dan bayinya. Berbagai komplikasi dapat dialami oleh ibu pada masa ini, dan bila tidak tertangani dengan baik akan memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar terhadap tingginya Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI). Asuhan kebidanan ini bertujuan agar ibu dapat melewati masa kritisnya yaitu masa 2 jam pertama pasca persalinan. Metode : Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus dengan menggunakan pendekatan manajemen asuhan kebidanan dengan langkah-langkah pengkajian data, penegakan diagnosa masalah dan kebutuhan, masalah potensial, kebutuhan segera, intervensi, implementasi, evaluasi, serta catatan perkembangan. Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua responden dengan diagnosa P10001 2 Jam Post Partum di BPM Yuni Widaryanti, Amd. Keb. mengalami keberhasilan dalam asuhan kebidanan yang dilakukan, yaitu pada kasus 1 ibu dengan ruptur perineum derajat II sudah dilakukan hecting perineum dan pada kasus 2 ibu dengan ASI belum keluar, sudah dilakukan perawatan payudara dan ASI sudah keluar pada hari ke-3. Pembahasan : Terdapat perbedaan dari kedua responden yaitu pada kasus 1, ibu sudah bisa mobilisasi dini tetapi belum bisa dan berani untuk berjalan ke kamar mandi karena terdapat luka jahitan perineum, sedangkan pada kasus 2 sudah bisa mobilisasi dini serta sudah bisa dan berani berjalan ke kamar mandi. Oleh karena itu diharapkan kepada ibu nifas dengan luka jahitan perineum untuk belajar mobilisasi dan melatih ototnya dengan segera agar rasa nyeri dapat cepat berkurang. Dan bagi bidan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengawasan serta ketrampilannya dalam pelaksanaan asuhan kebidanan pada ibu nifas khususnya pada 2 jam post partum.
Kata Kunci : Nifas, Asuhan Kebidana
Fonio is an easy crop to grow because it grows well even on poor sandy soils, as well as in areas with low rainfall. The crop can withstand long dry spells during the production season which are becoming a common occurrence in the West African subregion. In The Gambia, the common name for the crop is âFindiâ. It is commonly grown in fields that were previously cultivated with groundnut. Fonio is one of the oldest cereal crops grown in the country; however, its cultivation has drastically declined to the extent that it is currently considered a minor crop in the country. Fonio is a very fast-growing crop and matures earlier than most cereals. Its ability to withstand dry spells and its high nutritive value makes it an ideal climate- smart crop. For this reason, there is renewed momentum in promoting the crop in the country. Despite these renewed efforts in its promotion, there still exists a huge gap in terms of information on improved production practices that could help uplift the existing low yields. Appropriate agronomic practices that can boost fonio productivity are not well documented at national level. To gather information on the input requirements and utilizations, adaptability and productivity of fonio in The Gambia, experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with the aim of generating important production information that could guide efficient production and enhance productivity. Results obtained showed that fonio responded positively to application of fertilizer. Application of 100 kg ha -1 comprising half NPK (15-15-15) and half urea was sufficient to produce financially beneficial yields. Results also indicated that âFindibaâ, which is a landrace may not be suitable for cultivation anymore due to its long growth period amidst the short and erratic nature of the rainfall. The Momo and the Momosato varieties which are of shorter durations and high-yielding are more suitable in the existing climatic conditions of the country
Rice ( Oryza sativa ) is one of the most important cereal crops
cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is ranked as the fourth most
important crop in terms of production after sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor
), maize ( Zea mays ) and millet ( Eleusine coracana ). The objective
of this study was to establish adoption rates, and their determinants,
of the New Rice Varieties for Africa (NERICA) in the Gambia. We used
data from a stratified sample of 600 rice farmers and applied the
Average Treatment Estimation (ATE) framework to establish rate of
adoption and associated factors. The results revealed that NERICA
adoption rate was barely 40% falling far below the expected 83%. The
shortfall was due to the incomplete stakeholder exposure to NERICA in
the period before 2006. The introduction of NERICA to villages was
found to be a significant determinant of both exposure and adoption of
NERICA varieties.Le riz ( Oryza sativa ) est l\u2019une des c\ue9r\ue9als les plus
cultiv\ue9es en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Il est la quatri\ue8me
culture la plus importante en terme de production apr\ue8s le sorgho
( Sorghum bicolor ), le ma\uefs ( Zea mays ) et le millet (
Eleusine coracana ). L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait
de \ue9tablir les taux d\u2019adoption et d\ue9terminants de
nouvelles vari\ue9t\ue9s pour l\u2019Afrique (NERICA) en Gambie.
Nous avons utilis\ue9 des donn\ue9es issues d\u2019un
\ue9chantillon stratifi\ue9 de 600 riziculteurs, et le mod\ue8le
d\u2019Estimation de la Moyenne de Traitements (ATE) \ue9tait
appliqu\ue9 pour \ue9tablir le taux d\u2019adoption et les
facteurs associ\ue9s. Les r\ue9sultats ont r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9
que le taux d\u2019adotpion du NERICA \ue9tait d\u2019environ 40%
ce qui est en contraste avec le taux esp\ue9r\ue9 de 83%. Cette
baisse \ue9tait due \ue0 une imparfaite pr\ue9sentation du NERICA
aux partenaires avant l\u2019ann\ue9e 2006. L\u2019introduction du
NERICA aux villages \ue9tait un d\ue9terminant significatif de la
pr\ue9sentation et l\u2019adoption des vari\ue9t\ue9s NERICA