Kyste géant para-urétral feminine

Le kyste géant para-urétral féminin infecté est rarement rapporté dans la littérature. Ce kyste est différent du diverticule sous urétral sur le plan clinique, diagnostique et thérapeutique. Sa pathogénie se confond avec celle  des diverticules sous urétraux. Son traitement n’est pas bien codifié, vu sa rareté. Nous rapportons un cas atypique de kyste géant para urétral infecté chez une jeune femme de 26 ans. Le kyste était  symptomatique et la patiente a eu un traitement chirurgical. Nous discutons les aspects cliniques,  diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de cette entité rare à travers une revue de la littérature.Key words: Kyste géant, para urétral, féminin, chirurgi

Responding to the changing WASH needs in Mali

The political unrest that started in Mali on the 21st of March 2012 has had a significant impact on access to safe water and sanitation for an estimated 1.9 million people. Like most development or non-humanitarian organisations, WaterAid Mali was forced to stop their water and sanitation interventions in northern target communities due to insecurity. In the south, water, sanitation and hygiene needs changed quickly, as a result of the large number of people migrating from the north. WaterAid Mali has adapted to these changes through reallocating resources, implementing new activities and internal capacity building. This paper will discuss the experiences of WaterAid Mali as well as the lessons learnt

Overall and Gender-Specific Effects of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria with Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies among Schoolchildren in Mali: A Three-Group Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial.

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria among schoolchildren (IPTsc) reduces clinical malaria, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. The effects of IPTsc by gender have not been studied longitudinally. We investigated overall IPTsc efficacy and conducted a secondary analysis to explore gender-specific differences. We enrolled schoolchildren aged 6-13 years in an open-label, rolling-cohort randomized controlled trial between September 2007 and February 2013 in Kolle, Mali. Annually, schoolchildren received two full-treatment courses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus artesunate, or amodiaquine (AQ) plus artesunate, or no malaria treatment as control. We used mixed-effects generalized linear models to estimate differences in treatment outcomes across groups with interaction terms to explore gender-specific differences associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection, hemoglobin, and grade point averages (GPA) based on standardized testing. Overall, 305 students contributed 4,564 observations. Compared with the control, SP plus artesunate and AQ plus artesunate reduced the odds of P. falciparum infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.26-0.43; OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.36-0.59). We found strong evidence of increased mean hemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) in the SP plus artesunate group versus control (difference +0.37, 95% CI: 0.13-0.58). Collectively, schoolchildren given AQ plus artesunate had higher mean GPA (difference +0.36, 95% CI: 0.02-0.69) relative to control. Schoolgirls, compared with schoolboys, given SP plus artesunate had greater improvement in GPA (+0.50, 95% CI: -0.02 to 1.02 versus -0.27, 95% CI: -0.71 to 0.16); interaction P = 0.048, respectively. The IPTsc decreases P. falciparum infections in schoolchildren. Treatment regimens that include longer-acting drugs may be more effective at decreasing malaria-related anemia and improving educational outcomes as observed among girls in this setting

Persistent Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia 72 Hours after Treatment with Artemether-Lumefantrine Predicts 42-Day Treatment Failure in Mali and Burkina Faso.

A recent randomized controlled trial, the WANECAM (West African Network for Clinical Trials of Antimalarial Drugs) trial, conducted at seven centers in West Africa, found that artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, pyronaridine-artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine all displayed good efficacy. However, artemether-lumefantrine was associated with a shorter interval between clinical episodes than the other regimens. In a further comparison of these therapies, we identified cases of persisting submicroscopic parasitemia by quantitative PCR (qPCR) at 72 h posttreatment among WANECAM participants from 5 sites in Mali and Burkina Faso, and we compared treatment outcomes for this group to those with complete parasite clearance by 72 h. Among 552 evaluable patients, 17.7% had qPCR-detectable parasitemia at 72 h during their first treatment episode. This proportion varied among sites, reflecting differences in malaria transmission intensity, but did not differ among pooled drug treatment groups. However, patients who received artemether-lumefantrine and were qPCR positive at 72 h were significantly more likely to have microscopically detectable recurrent Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia by day 42 than those receiving other regimens and experienced, on average, a shorter interval before the next clinical episode. Haplotypes of pfcrt and pfmdr1 were also evaluated in persisting parasites. These data identify a possible threat to the parasitological efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in West Africa, over a decade since it was first introduced on a large scale

Dynamique de l’occupation du sol de la commune de Téssékéré de 1984 à 2015 (Ferlo Nord, Sénégal)

International audienc

Detection of Arthropod-Borne Bacteria and Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS for the Identification of Field-Collected Immature Bed Bugs from Mauritania

Human infestations by bed bugs have upsurged globally in recent decades, including in African countries, where recent reports pointed out an increase in infestation. Sympatric dwelling has been described for two species of bed bug parasitizing humans: Cimex hemipterus (the tropical bed bug) and C. lectularius. Identification of these two species is based on morphological characteristics, and gene sequencing, and may also rely on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The present work aimed to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS was applicable for species level identification of immature stages of Cimex. Arthropods were collected in domestic settings in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Identification used morphological keys and MALDI-TOF MS identification was assessed for immature stages. Quantitative PCR and sequencing assays were used to detect arthropod-associated bacteria in each specimen. A total of 92 arthropods were collected, all morphologically identified as C. hemipterus (32 males, 14 females and 45 immature stages). A total of 35/45 specimens produced good quality MALDI-TOF MS spectra. Analysis allowed species level identification of all immature C. hemipterus after their spectra were entered into our in-house MALDI-TOF MS arthropod spectra database. Molecular screening allowed detection of Wolbachia DNA in each specimen. These results suggested that MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable tool for species level identification of Cimex specimens, including immature specimens. Future studies should assess this approach on larger panels of immature specimens for different Cimex species and focus on the precise staging of their different immature developmental stages

Farmers’ Perceptions of the Impacts of Climate Change on Resources and Production Systems: Case of the cercle of Yélimané in Mali

Citation correct de ce document / Correct citation of this document: Penda, S. et al. (2020). Perceptions paysannes des impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources et les systèmes de production : cas du cercle de Yélimané au Mali. In N'Diaye, I. et al. (eds.) Adaptation de l'Agriculture et de l'Élevage au Changement Climatique au Mali: Résultats et leçons apprises au Sahel. Bamako, Mali: Institut d'Economie Rurale. pp. 39-50.Le livre complet est accessible sur le site internet suivant / The complete book can be accessed from the following link https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2687372Le Sahel, à l’instar d’autres zones arides et semi-arides d’Afrique, est soumis aux effets néfastes du changement climatique. Les prévisions, pour ces régions, sont entre autres, une diminution des rendements des cultures, des superficies cultivées et de la durée des saisons, accompagnées d’une baisse de la production agricole. Cette étude fait une analyse de la vulnérabilité et des adaptations aux variabilités et changements climatiques des communautés de la zone de décrue dans le cercle de Yélimané, région de Kayes, en zone sahélienne. Elle a porté sur l’exploitation des données secondaires sur le milieu et sur l’analyse des perceptions des communautés. Les méthodes participatives, focus groupes villageois et entretiens semi-structurés, ont été utilisées pour la collecte des données au niveau de 301 exploitations agricoles. Les statistiques descriptives et les matrices ont été utilisées pour l’analyse des données avec l’emploi des logiciels Excel et SPSS. Les résultats ont montré que le changement climatique, perçu par les communautés de la zone résulte, selon elles, de causes naturelles et anthropiques. Les manifestations du phénomène au cours des dernières décennies ont été constatées par les populations par les sécheresses, les variabilités pluviométriques, les vents violents, les fortes températures et les inondations. Les impacts de ces phénomènes ont été observés sur les ressources et les modes d’existence des communautés à travers les faibles productions agricoles et d’élevage, des ressources halieutiques, la réduction voire la disparition de certaines espèces forestières et fauniques. Les conséquences se sont traduites par la pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire au niveau des exploitations agricoles. Pour l’adaptation des communautés aux risques des variabilités climatiques, des stratégies individuelles et collectives ont été développées dans la zone. Les principales portent sur l’utilisation des variétés précoces et semi précoces, l’augmentation de la pratique des cultures de décrue, le maraîchage, le stockage des résidus de culture pour l’alimentation du bétail, l’exode rural et l’immigration des populations. Les contraintes matérielles, financières et institutionnelles limitent les capacités d’adaptation des communautés.Abstract: Like other arid and semi-arid areas of Africa, the Sahel is subject to the adverse effects of climate change. Forecasts for these regions include a decrease in crop yields, cultivated areas and the length of seasons, compounded with a drop in agricultural production. This study assesses the climate vulnerability and adaptation solutions to climate variability and change of communities in the flood recession area of the cercle of Yélimané, Kayes region, in the Sahelian zone. It focused on the use of secondary environmental data as well as the analysis of the communities’ perceptions of climate change and their vulnerability to it. Participatory methods, village focus groups and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 301 farms. Descriptive statistics and matrices were used for data analysis with Excel and SPSS software. The results show that communities in the Yélimané floodplain area perceive climate change as resulting from natural and anthropogenic causes. In recent decades, these populations have witnessed the manifestations of the phenomenon through droughts, rainfall variability, high winds, high temperatures and floods. The impacts of these events have been observed on the resources and livelihoods of communities in the form of low agricultural and livestock production, low fish stocks, a decrease in or even disappearance of forest and wildlife species. These have resulted in poverty and farm level food insecurity. Individual and collective strategies have been developed in the area for communities’ adaptation to climate variability risks. The main ones include using early and semi-early varieties, enhancing flood recession cropping, market-gardening, the storage of crop residues for livestock, rural exodus and migration. Material, financial and institutional constraints limit the adaptive capacities of communities

Perceptions paysannes des impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources et les systèmes de production : cas du cercle de Yélimané au Mali

Le Sahel, à l’instar d’autres zones arides et semi-arides d’Afrique, est soumis aux effets néfastes du changement climatique. Les prévisions, pour ces régions, sont entre autres, une diminution des rendements des cultures, des superficies cultivées et de la durée des saisons, accompagnées d’une baisse de la production agricole. Cette étude fait une analyse de la vulnérabilité et des adaptations aux variabilités et changements climatiques des communautés de la zone de décrue dans le cercle de Yélimané, région de Kayes, en zone sahélienne. Elle a porté sur l’exploitation des données secondaires sur le milieu et sur l’analyse des perceptions des communautés. Les méthodes participatives, focus groupes villageois et entretiens semi-structurés, ont été utilisées pour la collecte des données au niveau de 301 exploitations agricoles. Les statistiques descriptives et les matrices ont été utilisées pour l’analyse des données avec l’emploi des logiciels Excel et SPSS. Les résultats ont montré que le changement climatique, perçu par les communautés de la zone résulte, selon elles, de causes naturelles et anthropiques. Les manifestations du phénomène au cours des dernières décennies ont été constatées par les populations par les sécheresses, les variabilités pluviométriques, les vents violents, les fortes températures et les inondations. Les impacts de ces phénomènes ont été observés sur les ressources et les modes d’existence des communautés à travers les faibles productions agricoles et d’élevage, des ressources halieutiques, la réduction voire la disparition de certaines espèces forestières et fauniques. Les conséquences se sont traduites par la pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire au niveau des exploitations agricoles. Pour l’adaptation des communautés aux risques des variabilités climatiques, des stratégies individuelles et collectives ont été développées dans la zone. Les principales portent sur l’utilisation des variétés précoces et semi précoces, l’augmentation de la pratique des cultures de décrue, le maraîchage, le stockage des résidus de culture pour l’alimentation du bétail, l’exode rural et l’immigration des populations. Les contraintes matérielles, financières et institutionnelles limitent les capacités d’adaptation des communautés

Impact of Three-Year Intermittent Preventive Treatment Using Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies on Malaria Morbidity in Malian Schoolchildren

Previous studies have shown that a single season of intermittent preventive treatment in schoolchildren (IPTsc) targeting the transmission season has reduced the rates of clinical malaria, all-cause clinic visits, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. Efficacy over the course of multiple years of IPTsc has been scantly investigated. Methods: An open, randomized-controlled trial among schoolchildren aged 6–13 years was conducted from September 2007 to January 2010 in Kolle, Mali. Students were included in three arms: sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine+artesunate (SP+AS), amodiaquine+artesunate (AQ+AS), and control (C). All students received two full doses, given 2 months apart, and were compared with respect to the incidence of clinical malaria, all-cause clinic visits, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. Results: A total of 296 students were randomized. All-cause clinic visits were in the SP+AS versus control (29 (20.1%) vs. 68 (47.2%); 20 (21.7%) vs. 41 (44.6%); and 14 (21.2%) vs. 30 (44.6%); p < 0.02) in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. The prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia was lower in the SP+AS compared to control (38 (7.5%) vs. 143 (28.7%); and 47 (12.7%) vs. 75 (21.2%); p < 0.002) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in children receiving SP+AS (11.96, 12.06, and 12.62 g/dL) than in control children (11.60, 11.64, and 12.15 g/dL; p < 0.001) in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. No impact on clinical malaria was observed. Conclusion: IPTsc with SP+AS reduced the rates of all-cause clinic visits and anemia during a three-year implementation