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Unique Characteristics of Women and Infants Moderate the Association between Depression and Mother-Infant Interaction.

Research has shown mixed results regarding the association between womens postpartum depression and mother-infant interactions, suggesting that a womans unique experience and context may moderate how depression shapes these interactions. We examined the extent to which a womans comorbid anxiety, her exposure to adversity, and infant characteristics moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms of women and interactions with their infants at 6 (n = 647) and 12 months (n = 346) postpartum. The methods included standardized coding of mother-infant interactions and structural regression modeling. The results at 6 months of infant age indicated that infant male sex and infant negative affectivity were risk factors for mothers depression being associated with less optimal interactions. At 12 months of infant age, two moderators appeared to buffer the influence of depression: a womans history of trauma and infant preterm birth (≤37 weeks gestation). The results reinforce the salience of infant characteristics in the relationship between maternal depression and mother-infant interactions. The findings also suggest that experiences of trauma may offer opportunities for psychological growth that foster constructive management of depressions potential effect on mother-infant interactions. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying processes and mechanisms that explain the influence of these moderators. The ultimate goals are to reduce the risk of suboptimal interactions and reinforce healthy dyadic relations

Temperament and Behavior in Toddlers of Mothers with Bipolar Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation of a Population at High Familial Risk for Psychopathology

Objective: There are no published studies examining concurrent associations between temperament and behavior during toddlerhood in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD), a population at high familial risk for psychopathology. Better understanding of early determinants contributing to well-being or mental illness in this high-risk population has the potential to aid in the identification of problem domains to be targeted clinically, and facilitate the development of early intervention and prevention initiatives for an appropriate subgroup of children at the youngest possible age. Methods: A total of 30 offspring of mothers with BD (mean age=25.4±4.9 months) participated in this study at Emory University. The mothers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: The results of the correlational analyses indicated that the broad temperament dimension Negative Affectivity and the individual ECBQ scales Sadness and Shyness were positively associated with the broad CBCL dimension Internalizing Problems, whereas Sociability was negatively associated with Internalizing Problems. In addition, the temperament scales Soothability and Frustration were negatively and positively associated with Internalizing Problems, respectively. All ECBQ scales included in the broad temperament dimension Effortful Control, except for Cuddliness, were significantly negatively associated with the broad CBCL dimension Externalizing Problems. A significant sex difference was found for the ECBQ scale Positive Anticipation and the CBCL scale Sleep Problems, with a higher mean rank score for girls than for boys. Conclusions: This is the first systematic investigation of temperament and behavior and concurrent associations between these two domains in toddlers of mothers with BD. The present findings provide a platform for future investigations of the contribution of temperament and early behavior to potential well-being or mental illness in OBD

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES AND INEQUALITIES BETWЕЕN ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS IN BULGARIA

Целта на настоящата разработка е теоретично обосноваване и емпирично изследване на закономерностите в демографското, социалното и икономическото състояние на районите в България и разкриването на междурегионалните и вътрешнорегионалните различия и неравенства въз основа на статистически анализ на структурата, динамиката и факторната им обусловеност. За реализирането на поставената цел се изпълняват няколко основни задачи, най-важните сред които са: характеризиране на междурегионалните неравенства и различия с подходящ статистически инструментариум; изясняване и анализ на вътрешнорегио- налните и междурегионалните неравенства и различия; установяване на закономерностите в демографското, социалното и икономическото развитие на районите чрез приложението на статистическите методи за анализ на динамични редове; установяване степента на сближеност между районите в България при отчитане въздействието на икономическата криза чрез сравнителен анализ на установените тенденции и закономерности. Изследователската теза, застъпена от авторите и потвърдена от получените в изследването резултати, е, че в условията на икономическата криза се увеличава степента на неравенство между отделните райони в България и се задълбочават демографските, социалните и икономическите различия на населението в регионален аспект. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically justify and empirically estimate the regularities in the demographic, social and economic situation of the regions in Bulgaria and to disclose the interregional and intraregional disparities and inequalities based on a statistical analysis of the structure, dynamics and their factor determination. To realize the goal several basic tasks are performed, the most important of which are: describing interregional inequalities and disparities by means of the appropriate statistical tools; clarifying and analyzing intra- and interregional inequalities and disparities; examining the regularities in the demographic, social and economic development of the regions through the application of statistical methods for the time series analysis; and estimating the degree of convergence between the regions in Bulgaria, taking into account the impact of the economic crisis through a comparative analysis of the identified trends and patterns. The thesis statement advocated by the authors and confirmed by the results obtained in the study is that the economic crisis increases the degree of inequality between the regions in Bulgaria and intensifies the demographic, social and economic disparities of the population in terms of regions