Passiflora ligularis Juss. (granadilla): estudios químicos y farmacológicos de una planta con potencial terapéutico

ilustracionesEl presente libro es fruto de la investigación interdis- ciplinaria entorno a las hojas de Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) con fines medicinales, entre los grupos de investigación Principios Bioactivos de Plantas Medicinales del Departamento de Farmacia de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Estudio y Aprovechamiento de Productos Naturales Marinos y Frutas de Colombia del Departamento de Química de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y el Grupo de Investigación en Fitoquímica de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, con apoyo del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia. A lo largo de estas páginas, se resumen algunos de los resultados y avances más destacados de estos grupos de investigación en cuanto a la caracterización química de las hojas de esta especie dando énfasis a los flavonoides y saponinas, al estudio in silico, in vitro e in vivo de su actividad farmacológica, principalmente como hipoglicemiante y antinflamatorio, al desarrollo de metodologías analíticas precisas, exactas y reproducibles que permitan la completa caracterización del extracto optimizado obtenido como un ingrediente activo promisorio para el desarrollo de productos fitoterapéuticos, etapa actualmente en progreso. Se pretende que esta publicación permita la divulgación técnica y científica de los resultados de varios años de estudio con el fin de dar valor agregado a los cultivos de Passiflora ligularis, una planta de gran interés comercial debido a sus frutos y cuyas hojas en la actualidad son simplemente un subproducto de su cosecha, desconociendo el potencial terapéutico de las mismas y la posibilidad de convertirse en un materia prima para la obtención de productos fitoterapéuticos estables, seguros y eficaces. (texto tomado de la fuente)Presentación -- Capítulo 1. Estudio in silico y evaluación in vitro de la actividad inhibitoria de flavonoides y saponinas identificados en hojas de Passiflora ligularis Juss. sobre las enzimas α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa -- Capítulo 2. Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto acuoso, la fracción butanólica y compuestos identificados en las hojas de Passiflora ligularis Juss. -- Capítulo 3. Efecto del extracto acuoso de hojas de Passiflora ligularis Juss. y de sus metabolitos mayoritarios sobre la homeostasis de glucosa -- Capítulo 4. Metodologías analíticas para el estudio y cuantificación de flavonoides en extractos de hojas de Passiflora ligularis Juss. -- Capítulo 5. Estandarización del extracto de hojas de Passiflora ligularis Juss. (granadilla)Primera edició

Evaluación in vitro del efecto de un extracto de frutos de Physalis peruviana sobre algunas carbohidrasas intestinales

Las últimas décadas han observado un incremento mundial en la incidencia y prevalencia de la Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en la actualidad se utilizan una gran variedad de hipoglicemiantes. Entre estos, se encuentran los inhibidores de carbohidrasas intestinales cuyo enfoque es inhibir enzimas tales como alfa amilasa y alfa glucosidasas, que son responsables de la hidrólisis de los carbohidratos. Una gran variedad de investigaciones científicas recientes muestran que varias sustancias aisladas de las plantas tienen actividad hipoglicemiante y su principal modo de acción es inhibir las carbohidrasas intestinales. El presente trabajo estuvo dirigido a evaluar la inhibición de carbohidrasas intestinales de un extracto etanólico de frutos de Physalis peruviana L. que en anteriores trabajos, de nuestro grupo de investigación, ha demostrado actividad hipoglicemiante, estableciendo su concentración inhibitoria 50 y su comportamiento cinético. Para ello se evaluaron y adaptaron metodologías propuestas en la literatura y se establecieron las mejores condiciones de tiempo de incubación, concentración enzimática y concentración de sustrato, para evaluar la actividad in vitro de posibles inhibidores enzimáticos.Abstract: The last decades have seen a worldwide increase in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes, currently using a variety of hypoglycemic agents. Among these inhibitors are intestinal carbohydrases whose approach is to inhibit enzymes such as alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase, which are responsible for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. A variety of recent scientific research shows that several substances isolated from plants have hypoglycemic activity and its main mode of action is to inhibit intestinal carbohydrases. The present study was aimed to evaluate the inhibition of intestinal carbohydrases of an ethanol extract of fruits of Physalis peruviana L. in previous work, our research group has demonstrated hypoglycemic activity, establishing its inhibitory concentration 50 and its kinetic behavior. We evaluated and adapted methodologies proposed in the literature and established the best conditions of incubation time, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration, to evaluate the in vitro activity of potential enzyme inhibitors.Maestrí

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Background Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. Methods We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. Findings Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2.503 billion) to 2010 (2.490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43% from non-communicable diseases, and 10% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35%, 54%, and 11%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. Interpretation Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results

Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients

International audienceThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. Our study included all patients on dialysis recorded in the French REIN Registry in April 2020. Clinical characteristics at last follow-up and the evolution of COVID-19 illness severity over time were recorded for diagnosed cases (either suspicious clinical symptoms, characteristic signs on the chest scan or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1,621 infected patients were reported on the REIN registry from March 16th, 2020 to May 4th, 2020. Of these, 344 died. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients varied from less than 1% to 10% between regions. The probability of being a case was higher in males, patients with diabetes, those in need of assistance for transfer or treated at a self-care unit. Dialysis at home was associated with a lower probability of being infected as was being a smoker, a former smoker, having an active malignancy, or peripheral vascular disease. Mortality in diagnosed cases (21%) was associated with the same causes as in the general population. Higher age, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of an ischemic heart disease were statistically independently associated with a higher risk of death. Being treated at a selfcare unit was associated with a lower risk. Thus, our study showed a relatively low frequency of COVID-19 among dialysis patients contrary to what might have been assumed