142 research outputs found
FrĂ©quence des vices de rĂ©fractions chez les enfants et adolescents ĂągĂ©s de 5 Ă 18 ans Ă lâInstitut dâophtalmologie tropicale dâAfrique, au Mali : Prevalence of refractive defects in children and adolescents aged from 5 to 18 at African tropical ophtamology Institute, in Mali
Context and purpose. Refractive errors are a social and educational public health problem but little is known about itâs burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and describe refractive errors in children and adolescents in school environment. Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, children aged between 5 and 18 years performed ocular examination from January 2017 to February 2018 at Optometry Department of the Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology of Africa (Iota). Parameters of interests were: sociodemographic, optometric and ophthalmological data The optometric examination data.
Results. 220 subjects were enrolled. Their average age was 11 years and the sex ratio was 1.85/1 in favor of girls. The prevalence of refractive vice was 46.8%. Overall, it was: astigmatism 55.53%, hyperopia 27.18% of cases and myopia 2.91%. Emmetropia accounted for 14.38% of cases.
Conclusion: Roughly half of children and adolescents exhibit refractive errors, mainly astigmatism (which may lead to amblyopia if not corrected). Studies in order to search risk factors for refractive vice are needed.
Contexte et objectif. Les vices de rĂ©fraction, constituent un problĂšme de santĂ© publique sur le plan social et scolaire, mais leur ampleur dans les pays dâAfrique subsaharienne est peu connue. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude avait pour objectif de dĂ©terminer la frĂ©quence et dĂ©crire des vices de rĂ©fractions chez les enfants et adolescents en Ăąge scolaire.
MĂ©thodes. Dans Ă©tude transversale et descriptive, les enfants ĂągĂ©s de 5 Ă 18 ans ; ont subi un examen oculaire, entre janvier 2017 et fĂ©vrier 2018, dans le service dâoptomĂ©trie de lâinstitut dâophtalmologie tropicale dâAfrique (Iota). Les paramĂštres dâintĂ©rĂȘt comprenaient les donnĂ©es sociodĂ©mographiques, optomĂ©triques et ophtalmologiques.
RĂ©sultats. 220 sujets ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©s. Leur Ăąge moyen Ă©tait de 11 ans avec un sexe ratio de 1,8/1 en faveur des filles. La frĂ©quence hospitaliĂšre du vice rĂ©fractif a Ă©tĂ© de 46,8%. Dans lâensemble, il sâagissait : lâastigmatisme 55,53%, lâhypermĂ©tropie 27,18% des cas et la myopie 2,91%. Les emmĂ©tropes reprĂ©sentaient 14,38% des cas.
Conclusion. PrĂšs de la moitiĂ© dâenfants en Ăąge scolaire prĂ©sentent des vices de rĂ©fraction, en particulier lâastigmatisme (avec risque dâamblyopie si non corrigĂ©). Des Ă©tudes ultĂ©rieures Ă la recherche des facteurs de risque de cette pathologie sont Ă envisager
MĂ©tastase orbitaire dâun ostĂ©osarcome fĂ©moral : Ă propos dâun cas: Orbital metastasis of a femoral osteosarcoma: case report
LâostĂ©osarcome est une tumeur maligne, les mĂ©tastases peuvent ĂȘtre multiples et la localisation orbitaire est rare. Nous rapportons le cas dâun garçon de 9 ans qui prĂ©sentait Ă lâexamen physique une masse orbitaire, frontale et du genou gauche associĂ©s Ă un amaigrissement gĂ©nĂ©ral. Les examens dâimagerie mĂ©dicale Ă savoir la tomodensitomĂ©trie, la scintigraphie osseuse et lâimagerie par rĂ©sonnance magnĂ©tique avaient mis en Ă©vidence plusieurs masses de localisation multiple notamment orbitaire. Lâexamen de la piĂšce opĂ©ratoire avait mis en Ă©vidence un ostĂ©osarcome. La prise en charge Ă©tait pluridisciplinaire. LâĂ©volution sous chimiothĂ©rapie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©favorable.
Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor in which metastases may be multiple and orbital localization rare. We report the case of a 9-yearold boy who presented on physical examination an orbital, frontal and left knee mass associated with a general weight loss. Medical imaging examinations, namely computed tomography, bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging, had revealed several masses of multiple locations including orbital. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed osteosarcoma. The management was multidisciplinary. The course with chemotherapy was unfavorable
Ethnopharmacological survey of different uses of seven medicinal plants from Mali, (West Africa) in the regions Doila, Kolokani and Siby
An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out to collect information on the use of seven medicinal plants in rural areas in the nearby regions of Bamako, Mali. The plants were Opilia celtidifolia, Anthocleista djalonensis, Erythrina senegalensis, Heliotropium indicum, Trichilia emetica, Piliostigma thonningii and Cochlospermum tinctorium About 50 medical indications were reported for the use of these plants in traditional medicine. The most frequent ailments reported were malaria, abdominal pain and dermatitis. The highest number of usages was reported for the treatment of malaria (22%). The majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant material from the wild and from a single species only. They were mainly taken orally, but some applications were prepared with a mixture of plants or ingredients such as honey, sugar, salt, ginger and pepper. Decoction of the leaves was the main form of preparation (65%) and leaf powder was mostly used for the preparation of infusions (13%). The part of the plants most frequently used was the leaves. There was a high degree of informant consensus for the species and their medicinal indications between the healers interviewed. The results of this study showed that people are still dependent on medicinal plants in these rural areas of Mali
VariabilitĂ©s et Tendances des ParamĂštres Hydroclimatiques dans le Bassin Versant de la RiviĂšre Banco au Sud de la CĂŽte dâIvoire
This study conducted in the basin of Banco river in Abidjan (5°20â and 5°26â at latitude north and between 4°1â and 4°5â at longitude west) in the south of Cote dâIvoire aims at underlining the existence of climate variability on the basis of fluctuations and trends in hydro climatic data ( rainfalls, temperatures and discharges). To reach this goal, diverse data (pluviometric, thermometric and hydrometrical) and methods (Nicholson rating/index, Mann Kendall test; Cusum test; t-student test and Sen incline/slope estimator) are used. In light of the results, a climatic variability characterized by the alternation of humid, normal and dry years have been revealed in the area under study. The statistical indexes/ratings and methods show the continuity of the rainfall recession established since 1970 before a resumption of the pluviometry from the year 2000 onwards. Concerning the temperatures, we notice a slight fall of the annual average temperature triggered by the regression of minimal temperatures. The average temperature in the hole basin has decreased of 1.4°C in the last 34 years. The manifestations of this climate variability hardly impact on the flow of the river. An important increase in the superficial outflow appears in the basin with a rate of change of 71.25%, indicating therefore sufficient water availability.La prĂ©sente Ă©tude menĂ©e sur le bassin versant de la riviĂšre Banco Ă Abidjan (5°20â et 5°26â de latitude Nord et entre 4°1âet 4°5â de longitude Ouest) dans le sud de la CĂŽte dâIvoire vise Ă mettre en exergue l'existence d'une variabilitĂ© climatique, Ă partir des fluctuations et des tendances dans les donnĂ©es hydroclimatiques (pluies, tempĂ©ratures et dĂ©bits). Pour atteindre cet objectif, diverses donnĂ©es (pluviomĂ©triques, thermomĂ©triques et hydromĂ©triques) et mĂ©thodes (indice de Nicholson, tests de Cusum, de tstudent, de Mann-Kendall et de lâestimateur de la pente de Sen) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es. A la lumiĂšre des rĂ©sultats acquis, une variabilitĂ© climatique caractĂ©risĂ©e par une alternance dâannĂ©es humides, normales et sĂšches a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence dans la zone dâĂ©tude. Les indices et mĂ©thodes statistiques montrent la continuitĂ© de la rĂ©cession pluviomĂ©trique Ă©tablie depuis 1970 avant une reprise pluviomĂ©trique Ă partir de lâannĂ©e 2000. En ce qui concerne les tempĂ©ratures, on assiste Ă une lĂ©gĂšre baisse de la tempĂ©rature moyenne annuelle provoquĂ©e par la rĂ©gression des tempĂ©ratures minimales. La tempĂ©rature moyenne dans le bassin versant a baissĂ© de 1,4°C au cours des 34 derniĂšres annĂ©es. Les manifestations de cette variabilitĂ© climatique affectent peu le dĂ©bit de la riviĂšre. Une augmentation importante de lâĂ©coulement superficielle apparaĂźt dans le bassin avec un taux de changement de 71,25%, indiquant ainsi une bonne disponibilitĂ© en eau
The contribution of aestivating mosquitoes to the persistence of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Persistence of African anophelines throughout the long dry season (4-8 months) when no surface waters are available remains one of the enduring mysteries of medical entomology. Recent studies demonstrated that aestivation (summer diapause) is one mechanism that allows the African malaria mosquito, <it>Anopheles gambiae</it>, to persist in the Sahel. However, migration from distant localities - where reproduction continues year-round - might also be involved.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To assess the contribution of aestivating adults to the buildup of populations in the subsequent wet season, two villages subjected to weekly pyrethrum sprays throughout the dry season were compared with two nearby villages, which were only monitored. If aestivating adults are the main source of the subsequent wet-season population, then the subsequent wet-season density in the treated villages will be lower than in the control villages. Moreover, since virtually only M-form <it>An. gambiae </it>are found during the dry season, the reduction should be specific to the M form, whereas no such difference is predicted for S-form <it>An. gambiae </it>or <it>Anopheles arabiensis</it>. On the other hand, if migrants arriving with the first rain are the main source, no differences between treated and control villages are expected across all members of the <it>An. gambiae </it>complex.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The wet-season density of the M form in treated villages was 30% lower than that in the control (P < 10<sup>-4</sup>, permutation test), whereas no significant differences were detected in the S form or <it>An</it>. <it>arabiensis</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results support the hypothesis that the M form persist in the arid Sahel primarily by aestivation, whereas the S form and <it>An. arabiensis </it>rely on migration from distant locations. Implications for malaria control are discussed.</p
Impact des Ăvolutions Climatiques sur les Ressources en eau des Petits Bassins en Afrique Sub-Saharienne: Application au Bassin Versant du Bandama Ă Tortiya (Nord CĂŽte dâIvoire)
The objective of this study is to show the effect of climate change on water resources in the Bandama Basin in Tortiya. To achieve this objective, various data (rainfall, flow rates, temperatures) from different sources and methods (NICHOLSON indices, Hanning order 2 low pass filter, PETTIT test) were used. The application of Nicholson indices associated with the Hanning Filter to the rainfall and hydrological series revealed a climatic variability characterized by an alternation of wet, normal and dry phases. The statistical method of PETTIT indicates a rainfall rupture at the Dikodougou and Sirasso stations, which occurred in 1970 and 1971, respectively. These ruptures mark a modification of rainfall and hydrological regimes. They are accompanied by a decrease in rainfall of 9% in Sirasso and 10% in Dikodougou. The drop in rainfall has resulted in a decrease in the inflow of water that passes through the watercourses in the basin as well as the groundwater reserves with a hydrological deficit of 66.5% of flows from Bandama to Tortiya. The average assessment of recharge in the Bandama Basin in Tortiya calculated by the Thornthwaite method on the Sirasso and Dikodougou stations is 197.5 mm of infiltrated water, ie an average volume of water of 691,250,000 m3. Thus, the water supply of the aquifers of the Bandama sub-basin in Tortiya is not very well assured because of the weak rains since the 70's.Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de montrer lâeffet de lâĂ©volution climatique sur les ressources en eau dans le bassin du Bandama Ă Tortiya. Pour atteindre cet objectif, diverses donnĂ©es (pluies, dĂ©bits et tempĂ©ratures) de sources diffĂ©rentes et mĂ©thodes (indices de NICHOLSON, filtre passe-bas dâordre 2 de Hanning, test de PETTIT) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es. L'application des indices de Nicholson associĂ©e au Filtre de Hanning aux sĂ©ries pluviomĂ©triques et hydrologiques a mis en Ă©vidence une variabilitĂ© climatique caractĂ©risĂ©e par une alternance de phases humides, normales et sĂšches. La mĂ©thode statistique de PETTIT indique une rupture pluviomĂ©trique Ă la station de Dikodougou et de Sirasso, intervenue respectivement en 1970 et en 1971. Ces ruptures marquent une modification des rĂ©gimes pluviomĂ©triques et hydrologiques. Elles sâaccompagnent dâune diminution de la pluviomĂ©trie de 9% Ă Sirasso et de 10% Ă Dikodougou. La baisse de la pluviomĂ©trie a eu pour effet une diminution des apports dâeau qui transitent dans les cours dâeau dans le bassin ainsi que les rĂ©serves en eau souterraines avec un dĂ©ficit hydrologique de 66,5% des dĂ©bits du fleuve Bandama Ă Tortiya. LâĂ©valuation moyenne (1901-2016) de la recharge dans le bassin de Bandama Ă Tortiya calculĂ©e par la mĂ©thode de Thornthwaite sur les stations de Sirasso et de Dikodougou est de 197,5 mm dâeau infiltrĂ© soit un volume dâeau moyen annuel de 691 250 000 m3 . Ainsi, Lâalimentation en eau des aquifĂšres du bassin versant du Bandama Ă Tortiya nâest pas trĂšs bien assurĂ©e Ă cause de la faiblesse des pluies depuis les annĂ©es 70
ContrÎle Physicochimique des Feuilles de Lippia chevalieri Moldenke Cultivé
Au Mali, le Malarial 5 qui est un MĂ©dicament Traditionnel AmĂ©liorĂ© (MTA) produit en partie Ă base de feuilles de Lippia chevalieri est utilisĂ© pour traiter les symptĂŽmes du paludisme simple. Les feuilles de Lippia chevalieri cultivĂ© peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour la prĂ©paration des MTA lorsquâelles sont de qualitĂ©. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude portĂ©e sur le contrĂŽle physicochimique a montrĂ© que les feuilles de Lippia chevalieri cultivĂ© ont des teneurs en eau infĂ©rieures Ă 10%, celles des cendres totales un peu Ă©levĂ©es et celles des cendres insolubles dans lâacide chlorhydriques Ă 10% faibles. Les meilleurs rendements des extractions sont obtenus par lâeau par infusion et par dĂ©coction. Plusieurs groupes chimiques comprenant entre autres des carotĂ©noĂŻdes, des coumarines, des mucilages, des flavonoĂŻdes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s.
In Mali, Malarial 5, which is an Improved Traditional Medicine (ITM) produced partly from the leaves of Lippia chevalieri, is used to treat the symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. The leaves of cultivated Lippia chevalieri can be used for the preparation of improved traditional medicines because they are of good quality. This paper focuses on the physicochemical control which showsthat the leaves of cultivated Lippia chevalieri contain less than 10% of moisture content. The total ash content was a little higher, and the acid insoluble ash was low. The best yields of extractions are obtained with water through infusion and decoction. Several chemical compounds including carotenoids, coumarins, mucilage, and flavonoids were revealed
Population Size and Migration of Anopheles gambiae in the Bancoumana Region of Mali and Their Significance for Efficient Vector Control
We present results of two intensive mark-release-recapture surveys conducted during the wet and dry seasons of 2008 in the villages of Fourda and Kenieroba, Mali. The former is a small fishing village by the Niger River with a moderate to high densities of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) throughout the year, while the latter is a large agricultural community 2 km inland that experiences strong seasonal fluctuation in An. gambiae densities. We estimate the population size of female An. gambiae in Fourda to be in less than 3,000 during the dry season. We found evidence of large population size and migration from Fourda in Kenieroba during the wet season, but very low numbers and no sign of migrants during the dry season. We suggest that malaria vector control measures aimed at adult mosquitoes might be made more efficient in this region and other seasonal riparian habitats by targeting disruption of mosquito populations by the river during the dry season. This would decrease the size of an already small population, and would be likely to delay the explosive growth in vector numbers in the larger inland villages as rainfall increases
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