The Enactive Didactics for Enactive Mind:The Evolution of a Learning Model

The term "enactive mind " comes from the Varela work and the concept of "activation " underlines. Approach you enactive involves two concepts: from a side than the perception he consists in an action to his time driven by the perception coming from that action date and from the other but the cognitive structures they emerge from the recurring sensory- motor schemes which allow the action to be perceptively driven. In the specific one, approach him EM places like a frame to frame a series of phenomena considered essential for the comprehension of the concept of adaptation as social as the necessity of considering the relation world complexity as, the importing time constraints present in it, the nature and the modes in which mechanisms of this adaptation allow the formation of the social knowledge. In the EM approach the child "activates the social world " selectively perceiving it in the terms of what which is immediately essential for a social action, while the mental representations (the social knowledge) of this individualized world build themselves based on the repeated experiences ripened by these actions driven by the perception, become then deeply you root in the history of relational actions of the child to be tools for the adaptation to the world in which alive. The enactive vision, although it recalls in the meaning the concept of representation as mode to know, tries to exceed it in favor of the corporeality, that is an incorporate mind (embodied mind). A corollary of this theory is that subject

Effects of lack of microRNA-34 on the neural circuitry underlying the stress response and anxiety

Stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, are complex diseases that have genetic, and environmental causes. Stressful experiences increase the release of prefrontal amygdala neurotransmitters, a response that is relevant to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral coping. Moreover, exposure to stress elicits anxiety-like behavior and dendritic remodeling in the amygdala. Members of the miR-34 family have been suggested to regulate synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission processes, which mediate stress-related disorders. Using mice that harbored targeted deletions of all 3 members of the miR-34-family (miR-34-TKO), we evaluated acute stress-induced basolateral amygdala (BLA)-GABAergic and medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) aminergic outflow by intracerebral in vivo microdialysis. Moreover, we also examined fear conditioning/extinction, stress-induced anxiety, and dendritic remodeling in the BLA of stress-exposed TKO mice. We found that TKO mice showed resilience to stress-induced anxiety and facilitation in fear extinction. Accordingly, no significant increase was evident in aminergic prefrontal or amygdala GABA release, and no significant acute stress-induced amygdalar dendritic remodeling was observed in TKO mice. Differential GRM7, 5-HT2C, and CRFR1 mRNA expressionwas noted in the mpFC and BLA between TKO andWT mice. Our data demonstrate that the miR-34 has a critical function in regulating the behavioral and neurochemical response to acute stress and in inducing stress-related amygdala neuroplasticity

Heat-shock pretreatment inhibits sorbitol-induced apoptosis in K562, U937 and HeLa cells.

The aim of this study was to determine whether heat-shock pretreatment exerted a protective effect against sorbitol-induced apoptotic cell death in K562, U937 and HeLa cell lines and whether such protection was associated with a decreased cytochrome c release from mithocondria and a decreased activation of caspase-9 and -3. Following heat-shock pretreatment (42 6 0.3C for 1 hr), these cell lines were exposed to sorbitol for 1 hr. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, whereas caspase-9,-3 activation, cytochrome c release and heat-shock protein70 (HSP70) were assayed by Western Blot. Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase- 3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase- 3. Similarly, overexpression of HSP70 in the three cell lines studied prevented caspase-9 cleavage and activation as well as cell death. Furthermore, we showed that the mRNA expression of iNOS decreased during both the heat-shock treatment and heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure. By contrast, the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD proteins increased during heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure. We conclude that, heat-shock pretreatment protects different cell lines against sorbitol-induced apoptosis through a mechanism that is likely to involve SOD family members

Relation between parasites, reproductive index and habitat change in Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations in the central Southern Alps.

Relation between parasites, reproductive index and habitat change in Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations in the central southern alps. FABRO C.1, VISINTIN A.1, FILACORDA S.1, FRANGIPANE DI REGALBONO A.2, ARTUSO I.3 1Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences \u2013 University of Udine 2Department of Experimental Veterinary Science- University of Padua 3Comprensorio Alpino N\ub01 Val Brembana Hunting district Within the hunting district of Val Brembana the presence of parasites along the intestinal tract in 60 individuals (32 adults and 22 juveniles, 6 indeterminate) has been studied and correlated to the reproductive indexes (R.I, measured on 3 and 6 years) of Rock Partridges Alectoris graeca saxatilis in 6 different sectors and the habitat change. Within these sectors the coverage (%) of several environmental classes in different sample areas has been identified through photo interpretation over a time interval of 25 years. In the whole area a high spread of the nematode Ascaridia was observed and high values of prevalence (P = 69.49%) and mean abundance (MA = 15.21) have been found, while the presence of genus Capillaria was low with MA = 0.17 and P = 13.56%. Heterakis was isolated in 33.90% of the Rock Partridges, with MA = 1.45. For Ascaridia and Heterakis the relationship between variance and mean abundance (s2/MA) was significantly greater than one (Ascarids = 48.94; Heterakis: 7.90) and the aggregation index k (s2 / (s2-MA) ) was very close to zero, proving that these parasites show a highly aggregated distribution within host populations. When analyzing separately the 2 age classes there seemed to be no significant difference in parasitic infection susceptibility between juveniles (P = 95.45%) and adults (P = 84.95%). Only MA and P of Heterakis in different sectors was negatively correlated to a change in reproductive success, both in short and medium term, while the sectors with the greatest MA of Ascaridia, both in short and medium term, showed the highest mean reproductive rates and the sectors with the highest k of Capillaria had the highest R.I. The presence of parasites and particularly the value of MA of Capillaria and the average total number of parasites seemed to increase with the decreasing of open areas (coverage) in the different sectors of the study area, as well as with the decreasing of this observed coverage throughout the 25 year period. A negative correlation between open areas and the s2/AM ratio was discovered to be very clear. The presence of open areas seemed to affect significantly the abundance of parasites that in turn seemed to only partially drive R.I changes. The research was supported by Comprensorio Alpino N\ub0 1 Val Brembana Hunting district

Integrare l’Educazione Fisica nel curriculum della scuola primaria. Un approccio collaborativo per l’insegnamento interdisciplinare

Interdisciplinary teaching connects two or more disciplines within content, activity, or experiencebased teaching proposals. Interdisciplinary teaching models allow to combine different areas of knowledge and, at the same time, to maintain the integrity of each discipline curriculum. In an interdisciplinaryprogram that includes the goals of physical education, movement is not simply considered as a tool for the realization of activities of other school subjects, but it allows the integration of the meanings of a knowledge sphere that pervades and enhances the embodied dimension of the human nature within a learning experience. The main purpose of the research was to analyze the resultsof a collaborative model application in planning teaching units that better the integration of physical education into primary school curricula. Focus groups and workshops on interdisciplinary planning were carried out with a group of 32 teachers and 1 school sports tutor in a primary school.Results showed that the choice of an interdisciplinary approach and integration of the physical education in the curriculum involve both technical aspect of planning and carrying out lessons – such as a deeper reflection on the objectives of each subject – and the personal vision of teaching practice, knowledge, and the meaning of school.L’insegnamento interdisciplinare connette due o più discipline scolastiche all’interno di proposte didattiche basate su contenuti, attività o esperienze. I modelli di insegnamento interdisciplinare consentono di unire diverse aree della conoscenza e di mantenere, al tempo stesso, l’integrità di ciascun curricolo disciplinare. In un programma interdisciplinare che comprende gli obiettivi dell’educazione fisica, il movimento non viene considerato semplicemente come strumento per la realizzazione di attività di altre discipline scolastiche, ma vengono integrati i significati di un ambito della conoscenza che riguarda e valorizza la dimensione incorporata della natura umana all’interno diun’esperienza.La finalità principale della ricerca è stata quella di analizzare i risultati dell’applicazione di un modello collaborativo nella programmazione di unità didattiche che integrano l’educazione fisica nel curriculum della scuola primaria.Sono stati realizzati focus group e laboratori per la progettazione interdisciplinare con un gruppo di 32 insegnanti e 1 tutor sportivo scolastico di una scuola primaria.I risultati hanno mostrato che la scelta di un approccio interdisciplinare e l’integrazione dell’educazione fisica nel curriculum coinvolgono sia aspetti tecnici della progettazione e della realizzazione della didattica, tra cui una riflessione più profonda sugli obiettivi disciplinari, sia il modo stesso in cui i docenti interpretano la professione, la conoscenza e il significato stesso di scuola

Dopaminergic system modulation, behavioral changes, and oxidative stress after neonatal administration of pyrethroids

Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides involved in different neurological disorders. They cross the blood–brain barrier and exert their effect on dopaminergic system, contributing to the burden of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease through several pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of neonatal exposition to permethrin and cypermethrin (1/10 of DL50) in rats from the eighth to the fifteenth day of life. Open-field studies showed increased spontaneous locomotor activity in the groups treated with permethrin and the one treated with cypermethrin, while a higher number of center entries and time spent in the center was observed for the cypermethrin-treated group. Lower dopamine and higher homovanillic acid levels were measured in the striatum from both treated groups. A reduction of blood glutathione peroxidase content was measured, while no change in blood superoxide dismutase was observed. Carbonyl group formation increased in striatum, but not in erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation occurred in erythrocytes, but not in striatum. No changes in fluidity at different depths of plasma membrane were measured in striatum or erythrocytes. The activation of monocyte NADPH oxidase by phorbol esters (PMA) shows that superoxide anion production was reduced in the pyrethroid-treated groups compared to the control group. Our studies suggest that neonatal exposition to permethrin or cypermethrin induces long-lasting effects after developmental exposure giving changes in open-field behaviors, striatal monoamine level, and increased oxidative stress. Although the action of pyrethroids on various target cells is different, a preferential interaction with the extracellular side of plasma membrane proteins can be observed

A Functional End-Use of Avocado (cv. Hass) Waste through Traditional Semolina Sourdough Bread Production

In recent years, a main goal of research has been to exploit waste from agribusiness industries as new sources of bioactive components, with a view to establishing a circular economy. Non-compliant avocado fruits, as well as avocado seeds and peels, are examples of promising raw materials due to their high nutritional yield and antioxidant profiles. This study aimed to recycle avocado food waste and by-products through dehydration to produce functional bread. For this purpose, dehydrated avocado was reduced to powder form, and bread was prepared with different percentages of the powder (5% and 10%) and compared with a control bread prepared with only semolina. The avocado pulp and by-products did not alter organoleptically after dehydration, and the milling did not affect the products' color and retained the avocado aroma. The firmness of the breads enriched with avocado powder increased due to the additional fat from the avocado, and alveolation decreased. The total phenolic content of the fortified breads was in the range of 2.408-2.656 mg GAE/g, and the antiradical activity was in the range of 35.75-38.235 mmol TEAC/100 g (p < 0.0001), depending on the percentage of fortification

Caractérisation variétale de cépages musqués à raisin coloré au moyen de paramètres ampélographiques descriptifs et biochimiques

Vingt-deux cépages à saveur musquée à baie colorée cultivés dans une collection au Piédmont (Nord Quest d'Italie) ont été étudiés d'un point de vue ampélographique et biochimique. Des observations descriptives ont été effectuées sur les souches ainsi que l'analyse des terpénols libres et glycosylés du jus et des polyphénols de la pellicule des baies à maturité. Les données analytiques et ampélographiques ont été soumises à l'analyse statistique multidimensionelle (analyse des clusters et analyse des composantes principales).Les résultats obtenus ont permis de bien caractériser les 22 cépages examinés. Les observations déscriptives ont indiqué que certains cépages pouvaient être groupés selon leur profil morphologique (groupes de "Muscat à petits grains", de "Hambourg", etc.). L'analyse quali-quantitative des anthocyanidols et des esters hydroxycinnamoyltartriques du raisin a permis de former des groupes de cépages, différents aussi pour la couleur de la baie qui allait du rose clair, au rose foncé, au rouge, au violet et au bleunoir. De rélations entre des poliphenols de la pellicule et des composés terpeniques du jus, en plus, ont été mise en évidence: onl a observé par example que les raisins ou la cyanidine monoglucoside était l'anthocyanidol prédominant (couleur de la baie rose très claire) avaient le jus le plus riche en linalol.Morphological and biochemical characterisation of coloured berry-muscat grapevine cultivarsTwenty-two grapevine cultivars with muscat flavour and coloured berries grown in a collection vineyard in Piedmont (Northwest Italy) have been investigated by ampelographic and biochemical methods. Morphological and ampelographic observations have been carried out on the vines. Free and bound terpenes of the juice and berry skin phenolic compounds at maturity have also been analysed. The data were processed by multivariate statistical procedures (cluster and principal component analysis). The results allowed the successful characterisation of the cultivars. The ampelographic descriptive observations indicated that the cultivars could be grouped according to their morphological characteristics, viz. as similar to ''Muscat a petits grains'' or similar to ''Muscat of Hamburg'' etc.). Furthermore, the determination of berry skin anthocyanins together with hydroxycinnamoyl tartaric acids allowed to group according to the berry skin colour which varied from light rose to dark rose, red, violet and blue-black. Some juice terpenes showed relationships with some berry polyphenols: the cultivars richest in cyanidin (skin of light pink colour) were also the richest in linalool

Nostra esperienza sul trattamento dell’ernia epigastrica

L’ernia epigastrica rappresenta una rara affezione chirurgica, talvolta insidiosa, la cui patogenesi è stata a lungo discussa, essendo stati identificati, nel corso degli anni, molteplici fattori predisponenti e responsabili della sua comparsa. Dalla nostra esperienza e dai dati ricavati dalla letteratura, si evince che non esiste per questa patologia un intervento chirurgico standard, e che oltre tutto sono spesso necessarie indagini diagnostiche preliminari non comuni, al contrario di altri difetti della parete addominale anteriore. Il nostro studio retrospettivo consiste nell’analisi dei trattamenti chirurgici eseguiti su 37 pazienti affetti da ernia epigastrica, per ognuno dei quali, sulla base delle condizioni cliniche generali, dei risultati delle indagini diagnostiche pre-operatorie e soprattutto delle caratteristiche del difetto erniario, è stato programmato un intervento chirurgico personalizzato, ottenendo così per la stessa patologia diversi protocolli di cura (procedure “open” o laparoscopiche, in ricovero ordinario o in day-surgery, riparazioni protesiche e non)