Ensino e formação universitária em psicologia na Argentina: caracterização de uma taxonomia do pensamento crítico

Una de las finalidades de las instituciones universitarias es formar científicos y profesionales expertos con talante crítico, el cual involucra, entre otras cosas, escepticismo razonado, búsqueda constante de actualización, disposición al diálogo crítico, tendencia a la autoevaluación reflexiva y afinidad a la revisión sistemática de los conocimientos previamente disponibles. Este trabajo presenta una taxonomía del pensamiento crítico, con la finalidad de habilitar elucidaciones conceptuales y análisis curriculares empíricos sobre la enseñanza universitaria de la psicología en Argentina. En primer lugar, se describe la taxonomía de pensamiento crítico de Robert Ennis, enfatizándose en su operacionalización de las habilidades y disposiciones propias del ?pensador crítico ideal?. En segundo lugar, se tipifica la historia de la enseñanza y de la formación en psicología en Argentina demostrando la necesidad de incorporar el pensamiento crítico a los currículos argentinos de psicología. Finalmente, se enuncian requisitos y recomendaciones en los tres niveles de concreción curricular para la estimulación del pensamiento crítico en el estudiantado. Se concluye que la inclusión del pensamiento crítico en la formación de psicólogos debe ir más allá de una intensión declarativa y enunciativa, para reflejarse en elementos curriculares concretosOne of the aims of universities is to train scientists and experts professionals in critical dispositions and perspectives, which involve, among other things, reasoned skepticism, constant search for updating, disposition to critical dialogue, tendency to reflective, self-assessment and affinity for the systematic review of previously available knowledge. This paper presents a critical thinking taxonomy, in order to enable conceptual elucidations and empirical analyses on Argentinian psychology teaching and education. First, the taxonomy of critical thinking as defined by Robert Ennis is described, emphasizing its operationalization of the skills and dispositions of 'ideal critical thinker'. Second, the history of psychology training and education in Argentina is typified, thus demonstrating the need to incorporate critical thinking in Argentinian psychology curricula. Finally, requirements and recommendations at the three levels of curricular concretion for the stimulation of critical thinking in students are outlined. We conclude that the inclusion of critical thinking in the training of psychologists must go beyond a declarative intention and should be reflected in specific curricular elements.Uma das finalidades das instituições universitárias seja formar cientistas e profissionais especialistas, com humor e mente crítica, que envolve entre outras coisas, um ceticismo razoável, de busca constante de atualização, de abertura ao diálogo crítico, de tendência à autoavaliação reflexiva e de predisposição à revisão sistemática dos conhecimentos previamente disponíveis. Neste artigo expõe-se uma taxonomia de pensamento crítico com a finalidade de promover elucidações conceituais e análises curriculares empíricas acerca do ensino universitário da psicologia na Argentina. Em primeiro lugar, descreve-se a taxonomia do pensamento crítico de Robert Ennis, enfatizando-se a sua operacionalização das competências e características próprias do “pensador crítico ideal”. Em segundo lugar, tipifica-se a história do ensino e da formação em psicologia na Argentina, demonstrando a necessidade de incorporar o pensamento crítico nos currículos argentinos de psicologia. Finalmente, enunciam-se requisitos e recomendações nos três níveis de desenvolvimento curricular para a estimulação do pensamento crítico dos alunos. Conclui-se que a inclusão do pensamento crítico na formação de psicólogos deve ir para além de uma intenção declarativa e expressiva, por forma a refletir-se em elementos curriculares concretos.Fil: Fierro, Catriel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Di Domenico, Maria Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología; Argentin

Objects, spatial compatibility, and affordances: A connectionist study

In two Artificial Life simulations we evolved artificial organisms possessing a visual and a motor system, and whose nervous system was simulated with a neural network. Each organism could see four objects, either upright or reversed, with a left or a right handle. In Task 1 they learned to reach the object handle independently of the handle\u27s position. In Task 2 they learned to reach one of two buttons located below the handle either to decide either where the handle was (Simulation 1) or whether the object was upright or reversed (Simulation 2). Task 1 simulated real life experience, Task 2 replicated either a classic spatial compatibility task (Simulation 1) or an experiment by Tucker & Ellis (1998) (Simulation 2). In both simulations learning occurred earlier in the Compatible condition, when the button to reach and the handle were on the same side, than in the Incompatible condition

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) in pancreatic cancer diagnosis. doing more with less

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) in pancreatic cancer diagnosis: Doing more with les

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: review and update

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies that could develop at any level from the biliary tree. CCA is currently classified into intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar and distal on the basis of its anatomical location. Of note, these three CCA subtypes have common features but also important inter-tumor and intra-tumor differences that can affect the pathogenesis and outcome. A unique feature of iCCA is that it recognizes as origin tissues, the hepatic parenchyma or large intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, which are furnished by two distinct stem cell niches, the canals of Hering and the peribiliary glands, respectively. The complexity of iCCA pathogenesis highlights the need of a multidisciplinary, translational and systemic approach to this malignancy. This review will focus on the advances of iCCA epidemiology, histo-morphology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, revealing the existence of multiple subsets of iCCA

Reading decoding and comprehension in children with autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from a language with regular orthography

Decoding and comprehension skills in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were analysed in children native speakers of a language (Italian) with a highly regular orthography. Children with ASD were compared to children with matched intellectual functioning: a subgroup of children with ASD and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) was compared to a subgroup of children with BIF but no signs of ASD; a subgroup of children with ASD and cognitive functioning within normal limits was compared to a group of typically developing children. Children with ASD (whether with or without BIF) showed essentially spared decoding skills in text as well as word and pseudo-word reading; this was at variance with children with BIF who, as a group, showed overall deficient decoding skills, despite considerable individual differences. By contrast, children with ASD (once again, irrespective of the presence of BIF) showed a selective impairment in reading comprehension, just like children with BIF but unlike the typically developing ones. Therefore, results are generally consistent with a profile of hyperlexia for children with ASD learning a regular orthography, as previously reported for other languages. Notably, this pattern was present irrespective of the degree of cognitive impairment, and clearly distinguished these children from those with borderline intellectual functioning but not signs of autism

Daily dialysis reduces pulse wave velocity in chronic hemodialysis patients

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Anti-VEGF Therapy in Breast and Lung Mouse Models of Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases. Some types of cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body through blood circulation or lymph vessels, where they begin to grow. This process is recognized as metastasis. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing vessel. Normally angiogenesis is a healthy process, that helps the body to heal wounds and repair damaged body tissues, whereas in cancerous condition this process supports new blood vessels formation that provide a tumor with its own blood supply, nutrients and allow it to grow. The most important proximal factor for angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. Angioinhibition is a form of targeted therapy that uses drugs to stop tumors from making new blood vessels. Therefore, in this paper we analyse the importance of VEGF as target of cancer therapy, analysing murine models

Permissive role for mGlu1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in excitotoxic retinal degeneration

Neuroprotection is an unmet need in eye disorders characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, such as prematurity-induced retinal degeneration, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. In all these disorders excitotoxicity is a prominent component of neuronal damage, but clinical data discourage the development of NMDA receptor antagonists as neuroprotectants. Here, we show that activation of mGlu1 metabotropic glutamate receptors largely contributes to excitotoxic degeneration of RGCs. Mice at postnatal day 9 were challenged with a toxic dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG, 3g/kg), which caused the death of >70% of Brn-3a+ RGCs. Systemic administration of the mGlu1 receptor negative allosteric modulator (NAM), JNJ16259685 (2.5mg/kg, s.c.), was largely protective against MSG-induced RGC death. This treatment did not cause changes in motor behavior in the pups. We also injected MSG to crv4 mice, which lack mGlu1 receptors because of a recessive mutation of the gene encoding the mGlu1 receptor. MSG did not cause retinal degeneration in crv4 mice, whereas it retained its toxic activity in their wild-type littermates. These findings demonstrate that mGlu1 receptors play a key role in excitotoxic degeneration of RGCs, and encourage the study of mGlu1 receptor NAMs in models of retinal neurodegeneration

Soft Tissue Contour Impression with Analogic or Digital Work Flow: A Case Report

Transferring precise information to the dental laboratory is one of the key factors to achieving clinical success. The aim of the present study was to describe classical and digital work-flows used to rehabilitate an implant with a convergent collar in the aesthetic zone following the BOPT (biologically oriented preparation technique) approach and to report the three years follow-up outcomes of two patients rehabilitated following such procedures