Potential application of RAPD and RAHM markers in genome analysis of scombroid fishes

Total genomic DNA from 30 different specimens of Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) and 5 king seer Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede) was extracted by a simple modified phenolchloroform protocol. PCR amplification conditions using 10-mer arbitrary primers were optimized. Primers with the same nucleotide sequences produced varying Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns and those with different sequences generated different banding patterns for the same template in the two commercially important scombroid fishes

Hydrogen Bonding Interaction between 1-Propanol and Acrylic Esters in Non-polar Solvents: An FTIR Study

The association between 1-propanol and acrylic esters (methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate) in non-polar solvents, viz. n-heptane, CCl4, and benzene has been investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. The formation constants of the 1:1 complexes have been calculated using Nash’s method. The values of the formation constant and the Gibbs energy vary with ester chain length, which suggests that the strengths of the intermolecularOH…O=Cbonds are dependent on the alkyl group of the acrylic ester and the results show that the proton accepting ability of acrylic esters is in the order methyl methacrylate < ethyl methacrylate < butyl methacrylate. The results also show a significant dependence of the association constant upon the solvent used. The solvent effect on the hydrogen bond equilibria is discussed in terms of specific interactions between the solute and the solvent.KEYWORDS: FTIR spectroscopy, acrylic esters, hydrogen bonding, solvent effects

A Simple HPLC Bioanalytical Method for the Determination of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Rat Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies

Purpose: To develop a simple, accurate, and precise high performance chromatography (HPLC) method with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride in rat plasma.Methods: Doxorubicin hydrochloride and daunorubicin hydrochloride (internal standard, IS) were separated on a C18 reversed-phase HPLC column. Following protein precipitation extraction, chromatographic separation was accomplished with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: water at ratio of 30:70 (pH 3.0), and the drug was detected at 233 nm using a UV detector at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and ambient temperature.Results: Linearity was obtained over the range 1.0 . 50.0 µg/ml for doxorubicin hydrochloride with lower limit of quantitation of 1.0 µg/ml. For each level of quality control samples, inter- and intra-day precision (% CV) was < 9.6 and 5.1 %, respectively. Stability of doxorubicin hydrochloride in plasma was within the acceptance limit (} 15 %) with no evidence of degradation during sample processing and 30 days storage in a deep freezer at -70 } 5 ‹C. Absolutes extraction recovery of drug from plasma was. 86 %.Conclusion: The method is highly selective and rugged for the  determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride in rat plasma and should be suitable for conducting pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.Keywords: Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Validation, pharmacokinetics, rat plasma

Large-Restriction-Fragment Polymorphism Analysis of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae Isolates

Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae were reported to be frequently present in the environment of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG trial area in south India. Six isolates of M. chelonae and four isolates of M. terrae obtained from different sources in this area were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to examine large-restriction-fragment (LRF) polymorphism using the chromosomal DNA digested with DraI and XbaI restriction enzymes. With the exception of one isolate of M. terrae, DNA from all other isolates could be digested with DraI and XbaI and resulted in separable fragments. Visual comparison of the LRFs showed a unique pattern for each of the isolates tested. A computer-assisted dendrogram of the percent similarity demonstrated a high degree of genetic diversity in this group of isolates. This study demonstrates that species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, particularly M. chelonae and M. terrae, can be successfully typed by their LRF pattern using PFGE, which does not require species-specific DNA probes

Variation Iteration Method for Solving Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Concentrations in a Fixed Bed Laboratory Reactor

In this paper, we investigate the effects of nonlinear behaviour of the dimensionless concentrations of the ethanol and acetaldehyde in a fixed bed laboratory reactor. The work is based on solving the nonlinear differential equation of concentration of the ethanol and acetaldehyde by means of the He’s variational iteration method (VIM). Also, the numerical simulation (4th order Runge – Kutta method) is reported using Matlab software. The analytical solutions are compared with numerical results in order to achieve conclusions based on not only for accuracy and efficiency of the solutions, but also the simplicity of the taken procedures which would have remarkable effects on the time devoted for solving process. The analytical result reported in this work is useful to understand the behaviour of the system. Furthermore, due to the accuracy and convergence of obtained solutions, it is proved that the VIM could be applied through other nonlinear problems even with high nonlinearity

Analysis of RAPD polymorphisms in Rastrelliger kanagurta off India

Analysis of RAPD loci in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), as generated by the arbitrary primer OPA 07 (GAAACGGGTG), revealed a maximum within-region genetic variability for samples from the east coast of India. Dendograms did not show clear centre-specific clusters. Restricted intermixing among the individuals between the east and west coasts in suggested

Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannans modulate cytokine production in human T helper cells by interfering with raft/microdomain signalling

Abstract.: Lipoarabinomannans (LAMs) are major lipoglycans of the mycobacterial envelope and constitute immunodominant epitopes of mycobacteria. In this paper, we show that mannose-capped (ManLAM) and non-mannose- capped (PILAM) mycobacterial lipoglycans insert into T helper cell rafts without apparent binding to known receptors. T helper cells modified by the insertion of PILAM responded to CD3 cross-linking by decreasing type 1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and increasing type 2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokine production. Modification by the mannose-capped ManLAMs had similar, but more limited effects on T helper cell cytokine production. When incorporated into isolated rafts, PILAMs modulated membrane-associated kinases in a dose-dependent manner, inducing increased phosphorylation of Src kinases and Cbp/PAG in Th1 rafts, while decreasing phosphorylation of the same proteins in Th2 rafts. Mycobacterial lipoglycans thus modify the signalling machineries of rafts/microdomains in T helper cells, a modification of the membrane organization that eventually leads to an overall enhancement of type 2 and inhibition of type 1 cytokine productio

Investigation On Antidiarrhoeal Activity Of Aristolochia Indica Linn. Root Extracts In Mice

Background: The present study aimed at investigating the effect of ethanolic extract (EtAI), and aqueous extract (AqAI) of Aristolochia indica  Linn roots on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and study on small intestinal transit. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed as per standard procedure.Materials and Methods: The oral toxicity study using Swiss albino mice was performed in accordance with OECD guidelines. The EtAI and AqAI extracts of Aristolochia indica Linn were studied for antidiarrhoeal property using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model and charcoalinduced gastrointestinal motility test in Swiss albino mice.Results: Among the tested doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the extracts reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extract delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control and the results were statistically significant.Conclusion: Experimental findings showed that ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica Linn root possess significant antidiarrheal activity and may be a potent source of anti-diarrhoeal drug in future.Key words: Antidiarrheal activity, Aristolochia indica Linn, ethanol extract, small intestinal transi