Transnational business human rights regulations and their effects upon human rights protection

Contemporary corporate-related human rights abuses are often attributed to the processes of neo-liberal globalisation. Pressures upon nations to compete in the global marketplace, upon suppliers to produce ever-cheaper and everfaster, upon workers to accept more precarious terms of employment and upon communities to give up land and natural resources, all in the pursuit of economic growth have unveiled examples of the darker side of business operations within the global economy. Whereas this side was more hidden and less susceptible to resistance in a different era, transnational activism in this age – with the aid of new forms of communication technology and media – has enabled greater public awareness of this miscreant behaviour and the ensuing injustices

Studies on the behaviour of Reticulitermes santonensis (Feytaud) in laboratory colonies and its implications for some methods of termite control

An investigation of behavioural patterns that form a basis for termite control in the Australasian region was undertaken using laboratory colonies of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis (Feytaud). The study attempted to build a picture of the behavioural elements of individuals in a colony and based on this, trophallaxis, aggression and cannibalism were investigated in detail. Preliminary study of food transmission showed that 'workers' played a major role in the distribution of food. It was found, that among factors responsible for release of trophallactic behaviour the presence of 'right odour' between participants was important. It also appeared that the role taken by individuals depended on whether they were hungry or fully fed. Antennal palpation was shown by donors and acceptors alike and this seemed to be excitatory in function. Introduction of aliens into nests elicited aggression and these aliens were often killed. Factors eliciting aggression were investigated and colony odour was found to be important. Further investigations revealed that development of colony odour was governed by genetical and environmental mechanisms. Termite response to injury and death was also governed by odour. In the case of injury either the fresh haemolymph from the wound or some component of the haemolymph evoked cannibalism. Necrophagic behaviour was found to be released by fatty acids found in the corpses. Finally, the response of colonies to nestmates carrying arsenic trioxide was investigated. It was found that living and freshly dead arsenic-carrying nestmates were treated like normal nestmates, resulting in high initial mortality. However, poisoned cadavers soon became repellant and were buried thus preventing further spread of the poison to the rest of the colony. This suggested that complete control of subterranean termites by arsenic trioxide is unlikely to be fully effective, especially in those species which are capable of developing secondary reproductives from survivors and thus rebuilding the community

The Life Virtues of Women in Kalithogai

Tamil is the world's oldest language. Tamil language has achieved high status and excellence, the reason behind it is the concept of virtue in grammar texts and other literary resources. Tamil peoples are welcomed all around the world because of these things that have been set up in the best way. Many writers still today learn the literary texts of Sangam literature which contains great moral ideas. In particular, Thirukkural, Naladiyar, etc. are considered as the best books. Ettuthogai, a classical Tamil poetic work, each anthology in this work has a story line. In particular, among the eight books of Ettuthogai, Kalithogai is the best book. The book is about the joys and sorrows between husband and wife. Each song in it points out the natural environment and human dignity. The ancient kings approached nature and experienced the romantic feelings of the common people and had sung beautiful songs. ‘Balaikali’ sung by Cheramannan Perungatungo and Mullaikali songs sung by Cholan Nalluruthiran proves it.  Perungadungo's songs are the parables about people's life, and about morality. Perungadungo makes it very clear that it is not possible to find happiness in life only with material things.  In this way, the virtues of the lovers of the Kalithogai has been highlighted.&nbsp

Recurring Issues Encountered by Distance Educators in Developing and Emerging Nations

This article explores a number of challenges faced by e-learning or distance educators in developing and emerging countries, provides a context for many of the challenges, and outlines some measures devised to overcome them. These educators must determine a sound rationale for employing online learning, recognize that technology is only part of the educational transformation process, address the lack of infrastructure and the cost of Internet bandwidth and equipment, counter the cultural imperialism of courseware from Western nations, deal with limited educational resources, place a greater emphasis on quality assurance systems and change negative perceptions of distance education, respond to the needs and concerns of both students and faculty, access or develop up-to-date educational resources, and consider the implementation of mobile learning. The continued growth and success of distance education in developing and emerging nations will depend on the extent to which issues covered in this article are addressed as they bear on the quality of the learning experience provided to students

Bone marrow concentrate efficacy in treatment of chronic aseptic nonunion

Background: Bone marrow is a rich source of osteoprogenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts. Traditionally, autologous iliac bone grafts have been used in treatment of nonunion. This technique has its associated morbidity, which include donor site pain, infection, scarring, and nerve injury. The use of percutaneous bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) avoids these morbidities with comparable clinical results.Methods: We studied twenty patients of aseptic nonunion where bone marrow was aspirated from the anterior iliac crest, concentrated on a cell separator, and then injected into the nonunion site under c-arm guidance. Each nonunion received a relatively same amount of concentrated bone marrow. The volume of callus was calculated by dimensions obtained from RISPACS software in our institution.Results: There was an average of 29,418 mm3 of callus formation with a minimum of 4,455 mm3 and maximum of 68,460. The average time of union was 12 weeks with minimum of 6 weeks and maximum of 24 weeks.Conclusions: The percutaneous bone marrow concentrate injection provides an effective and a safe alternative method for the treatment of a chronic long standing non-union

Outcome following proximal femoral nailing with helical head screw for intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures

Background: Intertrochanteric fractures are seen commonly in two patient groups, older osteopenic patients after a low-energy fall and younger patients involved in high-energy trauma. Early surgical intervention is advocated in the majority of these patients to reduce the complications associated with long-term immobilization.Methods: In this study proximal femoral nailing with helical head screw is used to achieve initial stability and early mobilization of the patients to avoid complications. In 60 patients undergoing proximal femoral nailing with helical head screw for intertrochanteric fractures the results of surgery were meticulously followed.Results: The patients were assed clinically and radiologically for time of union rate of infection stability and implant failure. All fracture in our study unites within 8 months following surgery.Conclusions: Our study concludes that proximal femoral nailing with helical head screw is the best method of treatment for intertrochanteric fracture as it leads to lesser complications

Gamma ray induced positive alterations in morphogenetic and yield attributing traits of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) in M2 generation

Induced mutagenesis by gamma rays plays a potent promising technology to be applied for crop improvement through breeding methods, especially in tiny florets possessing self- pollinated plants such as cereals. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) which always ensured for valuable nutrients, as well as famine tolerant crop to supply food for global population throughout the year. The present study was performed to assess the spectrum and frequency of macro mutants induced by gamma radiations in M2 generation finger millet. The chlorophyll mutants viz., albina, xantha, chlorina and viridis and morphological mutants such as tall, dwarf, bushy, brittle stalk and broad leaf were recorded in different doses. Among the mutagen doses 600 Gy dose induced maximum increase in mean values and phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for the plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf length (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, panicle length, days to 50% flowering, and 1000 seeds weight. Except for panicle number/plant and 1000 seed weight, all traits showed high heritability in all doses. The results revealed a progressive decrease in mean values of quantitative traits with the increase in doses. The present study provides an idea about the optimum dose of gamma rays from a pool of doses that could be employed in future breeding programmes