11 research outputs found

    Modélisation de la croissance des peuplements réguliers de hêtre : dynamique des hiérarchies sociales et facteurs de production

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    Afin de permettre la simulation de la croissance de peuplements réguliers de hêtre soumis à divers traitements sylvicoles, un modèle d’arbre indépendant des distances a été mis au point, à partir des données recueillies dans des essais comparatifs d’éclaircie observés sur de longues périodes. On a choisi de modéliser simultanément et de façon cohérente l’effet de la densité et des facteurs sociaux sur la croissance, aux deux niveaux de l’arbre et du peuplement. Le modèle repose sur une double représentation de la compétition interindividuelle. 1) Compétition verticale unilatérale entre classes sociales : le peuplement est subdivisé en deux sous-unités, l’étage principal de végétation et le sous-étage ; l’étage principal inhibe totalement la croissance du sous-étage, lequel ne concurrence pas l’étage principal. 2) Compétition horizontale dans l’étage principal : la croissance d’un individu dépend de sa position sociale et de la densité partielle de l’étage principal. L’articulation entre les deux étages a lieu au voisinage d’une dimension-seuil, dont la valeur dépend de l’âge et de la densité du peuplement. Le choix d’une formulation mathématique simple permet l’étude explicite du comportement asymptotique des trajectoires individuelles : le modèle prédit une structuration continue des peuplements, des individus initialement dans l’étage dominant étant progressivement recouverts et relégués dans le sous-étage ; ces régressions sociales se manifestent par l’apparition de distributions bimodales. Les prédictions sont testées favorablement pour des situations s’écartant fortement de celles qui ont servi à la construction du modèle. Toutefois, certains écarts constatés entre prédictions et observations laissent penser que la compétition pour la lumière ne suffit pas à rendre compte de la dynamique des différentes classes sociales : des différences de fonctionnement entre périodes de bonne alimentation en eau et périodes de stress hydrique suggèrent l’intervention d’une compétition souterraine. Ces résultats contribueront à la généralisation du modèle pour une large gamme de conditions écologiques et, éventuellement, pour d’autres espècesIn order to build a growth simulator for even-aged stands of Common Beech (Fagus silvatica L.) under various management regimes, a distance-independant individual-tree model was developed, on the basis of repeated measures in long-term thinning trials. The method aimed at representing, in a simultaneous and coherent way, the effect of density and social status on growth, at both tree- and stand-level. The model is based on two assumptions concerning inter-tree competition. 1) One-sided vertical competition between social classes : the stand is organized in two subsystems, the main vegetation storey and the understorey ; the overstorey inhibits completely understorey growth, whereas understorey does not influence overstorey. 2) Horizontal competition in the overstorey : the growth of one tree depends of its social position and on the overstorey partial density. The two storeys are separated by a threshold dimension, the value of which depends on age and density of the stand. The rather simple mathematical formulation that was chosen allows an analytical study of the asymptotic behaviour of individual tree trajectories : the model predicts a continuous structuration of stands, as trees initially in the overstorey are progressively overtopped and drop back to the understorey ; the consequence of such social regressions is the development of bimodal distributions. The predictions are favourably tested against actual observations, especially in the case of situations differing markedly from those used to build the model. But some discrepancies still subsist between predictions and observations and let us argue that competition for light is not sufficient to account for the differences in the dynamics of various social classes : dissimilar stand functionning between periods of favourable water conditions and periods of water stress indicate that competition also exists between root systems. These results will lead to a more general formulation of the model, for a large range of ecological conditions and, possibly, for other specie

    Fagacées : a tree-centered growth and yield model for sessils oak (Quercus petraea L.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

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    Introduction : Fagacées is a growth model that has been developed for pure Oak or Beech stand management in even-aged high forests and coppice with standards forests. It has been calibrated for the plain forests of northern France. Objectives : This paper presents all the characteristics of this model: general structure, equations, and parameters. It can be classified as a distance-independent tree-centered model. Its main originality is that tree growth is organised according to a top–down organisation. Result : At first, the growth is computed at the stand level. Then it is allocated between the individual trees. The paper presents and discusses successively these two parts. In addition, the model delivers the stem profile of each tree: rings and compartments within the stem. Some other additional modelling that have been defined for batch mode purposes are also briefly presented

    Effect of species composition, stand density and site index on the basal area increment of oak trees (Quercus sp.) in mixed stands with beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northern France

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    We investigated the relationship between tree size and radial growth of oak in mixed oak-beech stands where beech basal area ranged from 0.0 to 98.2%. We analysed 30 long-term permanent oak-beech plots in northern France with a total of 167 growth periods between 1904 and 2000. The study was based on a nonlinear segmented model of individual tree basal area increment as a function of diameter at breast height, which is implemented in the French forest growth simulator Fagacées. We investigated variations of slope γ from the linear branch of the segmented model for oak. We found stand density, species composition, and site index to have a significant influence. The basal area increment of oak decreased with rising admixture of beech and increased with site quality and lower stand density. The effect of beech admixture found in the present study corresponds with findings from tree physiology on below- and aboveground competition. Our results underline differences in competitiveness and long-term species dynamics in mixed oak-beech standsNous avons analysé la relation entre le diamètre du tronc et l’accroissement radial du chêne dans des peuplements mélangés de hêtre et chêne, où le pourcentage de hêtre varie entre 0,0 et 98,2 %. L’analyse s’appuie sur un réseau de 30 placettes permanentes situées dans le nord de la France avec au total 167 périodes d’accroissements entre 1904 et 2000. L’étude est basée sur un modèle non-linéaire segmenté pour l’accroissement en surface terrière en fonction du D130 de chaque arbre, comme il a été intégré dans le simulateur de croissance français Fagacées. Notre analyse est focalisée sur la variation de la pente gde la branche linéaire du modèle segmenté pour le chêne. La densité du peuplement, le pourcentage du hêtre dans le mélange et l’indice de fertilité ont un effet significatif sur la pente. L’accroissement en surface terrière de l’arbre diminue si le pourcentage du hêtre augmente. Il augmente avec l’indice de fertilité ainsi qu’avec la diminution de la densité du peuplement. L’effet mélange trouvé correspond bien aux résultats de la physiologie des arbres sur la compétition souterraine et aérienne. Nos résultats soulignent la différence de compétitivité entre les essences et la dynamique des essences dans des peuplements mélangés hêtre-chên

    Changement de productivité des forêts : diagnostics et théories

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    Les changements de productivité des forêts ont été étudiés intensément à partir des années 1990, à la suite des événements relatifs au dépérissement des forêts européennes. Dans cette contribution, on analyse les problèmes méthodologiques soulevés par ce type d'étude, les sources de données disponibles pour l'analyse, et les éléments de diagnostic acquis sur plusieurs espèces forestières du territoire français. Les implications pour le cadre théorique qui prévalait dans les années 1980 concernant la productivité des peuplements forestiers sont enfin discutées. problèmes méthodologiques, sources de données, cadre théorique, éléments du diagnosti

    Forme de la tige, tarifs de cubage et ventilation de la production en volume chez le ChĂŞne sessile

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    Bien que des tarifs de cubage à double entre existent depuis 20 ans pour les principales essences feuillues françaises, les volumes ainsi estimés pour le Chêne sessile apparaissent parfois trop forts aux gestionnaires forestiers. Nous abordons cette question en analysant la production en volume des chênaies. L'analyse est conduite en modélisant d'une part la répartition du volume entre tige et branches, d'autre part la forme géomtrique de la tige. La robustesse de la méthode est testée grâce à plusieurs jeux de données de grande taille, couvrant les principales sources de variabilité (âge, sylviculture). La cohérence avec les tarifs de cubage existants est évaluée favorablement. Des simulations basées sur un modèle de croissance permettent d'explorer les variations de la production selon la fertilité de la station et la sylviculture, mais aussi de décomposer cette production selon divers critères (tige-branches, houppier-grume, corce-aubier-duramen) et finalement d'évaluer le rendement du Chêne lors de la transformation industrielle.Since the 1970ies, efficient volume tables are available for the main broadleaved species. Nevertheless, estimates of volumes obtained this way for Sessile Oak are still considered too high by some forest managers. We address this question by analysing the volume yield of Oak stands. The analysis is done by modelling the distribution of volume between stem and branches and the geometrical shape of stems (taper curves). The robustness of the method was tested by use of several, large size samples, covering the main sources of variability (age and silviculture). The coherence with former volume tables was favourably tested. Simulations based on a growth model were done in order 1) to explore the variability of volume yield with respect to site quality and silvicultural scenarios; 2) to dispatch total yield according to different criteria (stem-branches, crown-log, bark-sapwood-heartwood); 3) to evaluate the percentage of losses during industrial processing of Oak timber. Results indicate that the disagreement between practicians and scientists on volume simply refers to the nature of the volume (commercial log vs. total volume

    Un patrimoine en Ă©volution

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    Les forêts constituent une composante majeure de la nature et de l’économie européennes. De multiples contraintes pèsent cependant sur elles

    Modelling forest management within a global vegetation model-part 2: model validation from a tree to a continental scale

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    The construction of a new forest management module (FMM) within the ORCHIDEE global vegetation model (GVM) allows a realistic simulation of biomass changes during the life cycle of a forest, which makes many biomass datasets suitable as validation data for the coupled ORCHIDEE-FM GVM. This study uses three datasets to validate ORCHIDEE-FM at different temporal and spatial scales: permanent monitoring plots, yield tables, and the French national inventory data. The last dataset has sufficient geospatial coverage to allow a novel type of validation: inventory plots can be used to produce continuous maps that can be compared to continuous simulations for regional trends in standing volumes and volume increments. ORCHIDEE-FM performs better than simple statistical models for stand-level variables, which include tree density, basal area, standing volume, average circumference and height, when management intensity and initial conditions are known: model efficiency is improved by an average of 0.11, and its average bias does not exceed 25%. The performance of the model is less satisfying for tree-level variables, including extreme circumferences, tree circumference distribution and competition indices, or when management and initial conditions are unknown. At the regional level, when climate forcing is accurate for precipitation, ORCHIDEE-FM is able to reproduce most productivity patterns in France, such as the local lows of needleleaves in the Parisian basin and of broadleaves in south-central France. The simulation of water stress effects on biomass in the Mediterranean region, however, remains problematic, as does the simulation of the wood increment for coniferous trees. These pitfalls pertain to the general ORCHIDEE model rather than to the FMM. Overall, with an average bias seldom exceeding 40%, the performance of ORCHIDEE-FM is deemed reliable to use it as a new modelling tool in the study of the effects of interactions between forest management and climate on biomass stocks of forests across a range of scales from plot to country

    Resource management planning and ecological intensification to address climate challenges in French forestry

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    The talk illustrates two aspects of reshaping forest management in order to tackle the pressures of climate change and address the combined challenges of adaptation, mitigation and ecosystem service regulation : (i) resource management planning has to put more emphasis on coordinated, multi-scale procedures, diversification, tree planting, ecosystem resilience support, investment selection, logistics and information management ; (ii) ecological intensification, in the case of temperate forests, may be viewed as a more efficient use of natural and human-induced cycles of matter, energy and information in ecosystems as well as in the emerging bioeconomy. Through questioning how to implement management change in a context of uncertainty, stronger constraints and higher and more diverse expectations, ecological intensification for forests cannot be confused with naturalness, and contradicts European concepts of « close-to-nature forestry » in many regards. It is more productive to see ecological intensification as investing to improve the monitoring of different critical fluxes and the efficiency of their use (carbon, water, nutrients, products-coproducts-byproducts, species-genetic resources, plants, fertilizers, machines, information, etc…). For European foresters, making a clear distinction between ecology and imitation of nature will be a fundamental challenge to successfully achieve the present transitio
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