PERBEDAAN KOMORBID GAGAL JANTUNG KONGESTIF PADA USIA LANJUT DENGAN USIA DEWASA DI RS.Dr.KARIADI PERIODE JANUARI-DESEMBER 2006

Background: Heart failure still becomes a health problem in Indonesia. Overlap between signs and symptoms in heart failure and also many comobidities hampered a doctor to diagnose and treat. The purpose of this research was to describe heart failure patients in Kariadi hospital Semarang from January to December 2006 to find out the differences of heart failure comorbidity on the elderly with on the adult. Method: This was a descriptive research with secondary data from medical record. The sample were medical records of heart failure patients in Kariadi hospital from January to December 2006 with ECG, echocardiography, and laboratory examination. Data about comorbidity are collected and analized by SPSS 15.0 for Windows program. The difference of heart failure comorbidity on the two groups were compared by Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Result: Comorbid that more often appear on the elderly were hypertension, type2 diabetes mellitus, renal insuficiency, coronary heart disease, valvuler heart disease, anemia, bronchiectasis, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma bronkhial, pneumonia, obesity, depresion, pericardial effusion, and hyponatremia. Comorbid that more often appear on the adult were atrial fibrilation, miocard infarct, pleural effusion, hypertensif retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, dislipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperuricemia. Conclusion: Heart failure patients in Kariadi hospital in 2006 who have comorbidity were 64 (88,9 %). The most frequent comorbidity in the elderly were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia, hypertensif retinopaty, renal insuficiency and anemia. The most frequent comorbidity on the adult were hypertension, hypertensif retinopaty, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrilation, and hyperuricemia. Key word: comorbid, heart failure, elderly, adul

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA MENGENAI KELAINAN GENETIK PENYEBAB DISABILITAS INTELEKTUAL DI KOTA SEMARANG

Background: Disability intellectual (DI) caused by several factors. Parents are highly plays an important. The knowledge parents about a disability intellectual influenced by several factors, that is age, sex, education level, level of income, exposure to get information, consultation to doctor, and socio-cultural. Methods: The research is analytic observational with design cross sectional, samples all parents patients. Research in SLB-C Widya Bhakti Semarang, purpose to know anything influences the level of knowledge parents about intellectual disability cause. Total sampel is 50. The tested data using chi square. Results: The level knowledge to DI in Semarang is good (48 %). The consultation to the doctor ( p = 0,056 ) having influence on the knowledge parents about a genetic disorder caused disability intellectual. While the age ( p = 0,144 ), the level of education ( p = 0,575 ), income levels ( p = 0,976 ), exposure to information ( p = 0,266 ), and social-culture the religion ( p=0, 606 ) and jobs ( p = 0,379 ) no have influence. The conclusion: The consultation to doctor having influence on the knowledge parents about abnormality a genetic disorder caused disability intellectual. While the age, levels of education, level level income and exposure information have no influence meaningful on the knowledge parents about a genetic disorder cause disability intellectual. Key word: Disability intlektual, a genetic disorder, the level knowledge, education, income, exposure to information, consultation doctor, social and cultura

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA MENGENAI KELAINAN GENETIK PENYEBAB DISABILITAS INTELEKTUAL DI KABUPATEN KENDAL

Latar Belakang Etiologi disabilitas intelektual (DI) sangat heterogen dan 50% kasus tidak dapat diketahui penyebabnya. Kelainan genetik merupakan salah satu penyebab DI yang paling umum. Jumlah penderita DI dengan kelainan genetik sebagai etiologi definitifnya akan terus meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya ketersediaan teknologi untuk mengidentifikasi kelainan genetik. Mengetahui penyebab DI sangat penting bagi orang tua untuk dapat menerima keadaan dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup anak-anak mereka. Tujuan Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan orang tua mengenai kelainan genetik penyebab DI di Kabupaten Kendal dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Subjek penelitian adalah orang tua dari anak DI yang bersekolah di SLB di Kendal. Responden sebanyak 61 dipilih secara purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil Sebanyak 24 responden (39,3%) memiliki tingkat pengetahuan baik, 20 responden (32,8%) cukup, dan 17 responden (27,9%) kurang. Tidak didapatkan pengaruh bermakna antara usia (p=0,956) tetapi tingkat pendidikan (p=0,006), tingkat pendapatan (p=0,032), paparan informasi (p=0,000), dan pengalaman konsultasi ke dokter (p=0,004) berpengaruh bermakna terhadap tingkat pengetahuan orang tua. Simpulan Tingkat pengetahuan orang tua mengenai kelainan genetik penyebab DI di Kabupaten Kendal termasuk dalam kategori cukup. Faktor usia, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pendapatan, paparan informasi, dan pengalaman konsultasi ke dokter mempengaruhi tingkat pengetahuan orang tua. Kata kunci pengetahuan genetik, orang tua, disabilitas intelektual, kelainan genetik, usia, pendidikan, pendapatan, paparan informasi, konsultasi dokte

SISTEM PENYIMPANAN DOKUMEN DIGITAL DENGAN ENKRIPSI MENGGUNAKAN METODE ALGORITMA RSA PADA PT INFOMEDIA SOLUSI HUMANIKA

Pertukaran dan penyimpanan informasi melalui dokumen digital menjadi suatu kebutuhan kegiatan operasional harian PT Infomedia Solusi Humanika. Berbagai dokumen digital akan dimanfaatkan dan didistribusikan untuk berbagai kepentingan. Sayangnya dokumen digital yang berisi informasi sensitif tidak memiliki prosedur dan penyimpanan yang aman, sehingga apabila terjadi kebocoran keamanan dapat digunakan oleh pihak yang tidak diharapkan. Hal ini tentunya menjadi kerugian bagi perusahaan dan karyawan, baik berupa kerugian berupa materi maupun kerugian non materi yang diantaranya adalah kurangnya kepercayaan terhadap karyawan, klien dan masyarakat terhadap perusahaan. Pada penelitian ini dibangun sistem aplikasi penyimpanan dokumen digital yang menerapkan enkripsi dengan metode algoritma RSA (Rivest Shamir Adleman) dimana dokumen digital yang disimpan diacak atau disamarkan sehingga hanya dapat dibaca oleh pihak yang diinginkan. Dengan aplikasi ini dokumen digital yang disimpan menjadi aman, mencegah potensi kerugian perusahaan, menambah kepercayaan terhadap perusahaan baik dari karyawan, klien dan masyarakat yang tentunya menambah profit bagi perusahaan

UJI BEDA SENSITIVITAS AZITROMISIN DENGAN SEFTRIAKSON PADA KUMAN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE SECARA IN VITRO

Background: The increasing tendency of Neisseria gonorrhea’s Ceftriaxoneresistant through the years had pushed medical experts to search for alternate regiment for the treatment of Gonorrhea. Azithromycin is one of the alternative options. Purpose: To assess the difference in sensitivity for Neisseria gonorrhoeae towards Azithromycin and Kanamycin in vitro. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional, analytic observational study which examined 13 subjects with positive purulent discharge. The samples undergo gram staining to find negative gram diplococcic bacteria, followed by a Thayer- Martin culture and a 24-hours incubation on 370C temperature. The colony samples were then moved to a Mueller Hinton media for both Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone sensitivity testing. After the second 24-hours incubation, any inhibition zone formed on the colony samples was being measured. Statistical analysis uses chi-square test. Result: Azithromycin has 7 (53,5%) sensitive Neisseria gonorrheae samples while the 6 (46,2%) others were resistant. Ceftriaxone were shown resistant to 12 (92,3%) samples and only 1 (7,7%) sample was sensitive. Conclusion: There is a marked difference in sensitivity for Neisseria gonorrheae towards Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone in vitro, where Azithromycin shows higher sensitivity measure. Keywords: gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, azithromycin, ceftriaxon

The Effect of Glutathione on Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) Level in Retinopathy of Prematurity Rat Models

Introduction Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in newborn babies worldwide. The benefit of anti-oxidant was investigated for ROP cases by assessing its effect on the oxidative stress of the tissues. Glutathione is a primary endogenous in human body and its supplementation has been discovered for its benefits towards some ocular diseases. This study aims to understand the effect of glutathione on oxidative stress marker, serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), in ROP rat models.Materials and methods This was an experimental study with post test only controlled group design. Sixteen Wistar rats that met our study criterias were divided into two groups, study group and control group. The study group were exposed to 95% oxygen for 4 hours / day followed by normoxic laboratory condition for 20 hours. Glutathione 1.5 mg / day were injected intramuscularly to rats in study group. The control group was exposed to 95% oxygen followed by normoxic laboratory condition with the same manner, and did not received glutathione. This cycle was repeated for 14 days. Both groups were settled in a room temperature settings on days 15-22. Serum sampel was collected from retroorbital vein. The malondialdehyde level was analyzed using MDA analyser kit.Results MDA level was found significantly higher in study group compared to control group (546.99 ng/ml vs 201.51 ng/ml, respectively, p 0,001).Conclusion Our study demonstrated a higher MDA levels in ROP rat models given glutathione injection compared to the control group

PERBEDAAN EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN JUS SEMANGKA DAN JUS APEL MANALAGI TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH PADA MENOPAUSE PENDERITA HIPERTENSI

Penyakit hipertensi sering tanpa keluhan khas, hipertensi dengan komplikasi adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian berbagai buah-buahan juga bisa menjadi alternatif untuk menurunkan tekanan darah seperti semangka, apel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas jus semangka dan jus apel manalagi terhadap tekanan darah pada menopause penderita hipertensi di Puskesmas pembantu  Badar Kidul Kota Kediri 2019. Metode penelitian ini adalah  Quasi Eksperimen dengan rancangan Non Equivalent Control Group Design. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrument lembar lembar observasi dengan tensimeter, dengan purposive sampling diperoleh sampel 32 responden. Uji statistic Wilcoxon dan MannWithney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum semangka (81,2%), kriteria darah hipertensi adalah 13 responden, setelah diberi semangka (75%), hipertensi kriteria normal (tinggi) adalah 12 responden. Sedangkan sebelum apel manalagi diberikan (sebagian besar 87,5%) kriteria darah hipertensi adalah 14 responden ringan dan setelah apel diberikan sebagian besar (56,2%) darah hipertensi kriteria normal 9 responden. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai p value = 0,000 <α 0,05 sehingga Ho ditolak, artinya ada perbedaan efektivitas jus semangka dan jus apel manalagi terhadap tekanan darah pada menopause penderita hipertensi di Puskesmas pembantu  Badar Kidul Kota Kediri 2019. Pengobatan hipertensi dapat dilakukan secara rutin memeriksa kesehatan dan minum obat. Ada juga alternatif non farmakologi untuk menggunakan obat tradisional atau dengan berbagai jenis makanan atau buah-buahan yang dapat menurunkan tekanan darah. Diharapkan jus semangka dan jus apel merupakan salah satu buah yang dapat menurunkan tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi. Kata kunci: Jus Semangka, Jus Apel, Hipertensi, Menopaus

PERBEDAAN KADAR BILIRUBIN PADA TIKUS WISTAR YANG DILAKUKAN LIGASI DUKTUS KOLEDOKUS ANTARA KELOMPOK YANG DIBERI KOMBINASI UDCA-GLUTATHIONE DENGAN PEMBERIAN TUNGGAL UDCA

Latar Belakang: Kolestasis memicu akumulasi asam empedu hidrofobik, stress oksidatif, kematian sel, dan kegagalan fungsi hepar. Obat yang direkomendasikan FDA untuk kolestasis adalah Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Efikasi UDCA hanya terbukti untuk PBC. Glutathione merupakan antioksidan endogen poten. Penurunan glutathione menyebabkan stress oksidatif pada hepar. Kombinasi UDCA-glutathione diharapkan memberi hasil lebih baik untuk penurunan kadar bilirubin. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi UDCA-Glutathione terhadap kadar bilirubin tikus Wistar yang diligasi duktus koledokusnya. Metode: Penelitian True Experimental dengan rancangan post test only control group design menggunakan 15 ekor tikus Wistar. Sampel dibagi menjadi kelompok K, P1, dan P2. Tiap sampel diligasi duktus koledokusnya. Kelompok K sebagai kontrol dan tidak diberi terapi, P1 diberi UDCA 20 mg per oral, dan P2 diberi kombinasi UDCA 20 mg per oral dan glutathione 15 mg im. Setelah intervensi 21 hari, seluruh tikus diambil darahnya dari vena retroorbita. Sampel darah disentrifugasi untuk didapatkan serum dan kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar bilirubin total dan direk melalui metode AutoAnalyzer reagen diazo. Uji statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan dilanjutkan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Pemeriksaan kadar bilirubin total dan direk menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok K dan P1, K dan P2, serta P1 dan P2 (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar bilirubin bermakna pada kelompok kombinasi. Kata kunci: Kolestasis, UDCA, Glutathione, Bilirubi

UJI BEDA SENSITIVITAS KANAMISIN DENGAN SEFTRIAKSON PADA KUMAN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE SECARA IN VITRO

Background: Incidence of gonorrhe tends to increase across the world. The sensitivity of Ceftriaxone as first line treatment agent for patients with gonorrhe has been declining, hence alternative treatment is needed. Kanamycin is one of the proposed second line treatment agent for gonorrhe. Purpose: To assess the difference in sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae towards Kanamycin and Ceftriaxone in vitro Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study which examined 13 subjects with positive purulent discharge, gram staining found negative gram diplococcic bacteria, followed by a Thayer-Martin culture and a 24-hours incubation on 370C temperature. The colony samples were then moved to a Mueller Hinton media for Kanamycin and Ceftriaxone sensitivity testing, the inhibition zone formed on the colony samples was measured. Results: Culture samples of Neisseria gonorrhoeae which declared sensitive towards Kanamycin were 10 (76.9%), and those which declared sensitive towards Ceftriaxone was only 1 (7.7%), with p < 0.05 Conclusion: This study shown a significant difference between sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrheae towards Kanamycin and Ceftriaxone, with greater sensitivity towards Kanamycin.. Keywords: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, kanamycin, ceftriaxone, minimum inhibitory zone, sensitivit

The Effect of Roselle Flower Infusion (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis of Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Background: Cigarette smoke contains a lot of free radicals that can reduce antioxidants in the body. One of those is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can induce Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) apoptosis. Reduced ganglion cell axons will eventually lead to optic neuropathy. Supplementing herbal medicines, vitamins, foods, and drinks containing antioxidants is one way to increase oxidant levels in the body. Roselle or Hibiscus sabdariffa is a herbal plant reported to have a lot of antioxidant content.Objective: The study aimed to prove that Roselle flower infusions can reduce retinal ganglion cell apoptosis of Sprague Dawley rats exposed to cigarette smoke.Methods: This was an experimental study with a post-test-only design with a total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to four non-filtered cigarettes/day for 30 consecutive days. They were randomly divided into four sub-groups, and each group consisted of 6 rats. The control group received 1 ml of saline, and three treatment groups received Roselle flower infusions of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% for 30 days. Enucleated eyes were then made paraffin blocks and slides with HE staining. The retinal ganglion cell apoptosis score was assessed by calculating the number of apoptotic cells using 1000x in five fields of view. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: The average retinal ganglion cell apoptosis score in control, treatment 1, 2, and 3 groups were 3.00; 2.83; 2.00; 1.83. There was a significant difference between the control group and treatment groups 2 (p=0.001) and group 3 (p=0.001), while between the control group and treatment group 1, there was no significant difference (p=0.317).Conclusion: The administration of 5% and 10% Roselle flower infusions can reduce the apoptosis score of retinal ganglion cells in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The higher the Roselle flower infusion concentration, the lower the apoptosis score of retinal ganglion cells