Pembaruan Strategi Militer Muhammad Al-Fatih Dalam Penaklukan Konstantinopel

Penaklukan Konstantinopel oleh Turki Usmani menjadi momentum besar dan pintu utama perkembangan dunia Islam di Eropa yang sebelumnya telah dimulai oleh Dinasti Umayah. Sejarah mencatat, Konstantinopel menjadi salah satu kota yang sangat sulit ditaklukkan. Muhammad al-Fatih menjadi tokoh utama dibalik penaklukan dengan strategi yang di akui oleh berbagai sejarawan sebagai pemimpin militer muslim terbaik. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian sejarah serta termasuk dalam kajian library research. Kajian ini juga merupakan bagian dari kajian sejarah dunia Islam untuk melengkapi serta mengulik lebih dalam mengenai sejarah perkembangan strategi militer Turki Usmani. Karya dari Roger Crowley sebagai tokoh orientalis menjadi acuan utama untuk kemudian menjadi perbandingan dengan berbagai sumber lainnya seperti karya dari ash-Shalabi, Hamka dan karya-karya lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, Muhammad al-Fatih sejak kecil menunjukkan kecerdasan dengan menguasai berbagai bidang seperti bahasa, sejarah, militer dan sains. Para orientaslis tetap pada pandangan rasionalitasnya melihat perencanaan matang dibalik peristiwa besar ini, sedangkan dari sejarawan muslim lainnya juga mengungkap sisi religius yang juga sangat berpengaruh dalam menentukan suksesnya langkah di detik-detik kritis tersebut.The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks became the main door to the development of the Islamic world in Europe which had previously been started by the Umayyad dynasty. History records, Constantinople became one of the most difficult cities to conquer. Muhammad al-Fatih became the main character behind the conquest with a strategy that is recognized by various historians as the best Muslim military leader. This study uses a historical research methodology and is included in the study of library research. This study is also part of the study of the history of the Islamic world to complement and explore more deeply the history of the development of the Ottoman Turkish military strategy. The work of Roger Crowley as an orientalist figure becomes the main reference for comparison with various other sources such as the work of ash-Shalabi, Hamka and other works. Based on the results of the study, Muhammad al-Fatih since childhood showed intelligence by mastering various fields such as language, history, military and science. The orientalists remain in their rationality view seeing the careful planning behind this great event, while other Muslim historians also reveal the religious side which is also very influential in determining the success of the steps at these critical moments

Socio-demographic correlates of mental and behavioural disorders of children in Southern Ethiopia

Objective: To describe the magnitude and socio-demographic correlates of specific mental and behavioural disorders.Design: A cross-sectional survey.Setting: Butajira district, southern Ethiopia.Participants: The Amharic version of the Diagnostic Instrument for Children and Adolescents (DICA) was used to interview parents of 1,477 children.Main outcome measures: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Disruptive behaviour disorders, mood and anxiety disorders.Results: Using a multivariate logistic model, age was significantly associated with ADHD. Children between 10 and 14 years of age had more than three-fold increased risk of ADHD compared to younger children: adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR, 95%CI) = 3.17 (1.16, 8.67), p=0.02. Residence in urban area was also significantly associated with ADHD: adjusted OR (95% CI) = 2.84 (1.14-7.07), p=0.03. Disruptive behaviour disorders were significantly associated with increasing age: adjusted OR (95% CI)= 4.24 (1.43, 12.6). Mood and anxiety disorders were not significantly associated with any of the sociodemographic variable studied.Conclusion: The study shows that age and residence in urban areas are significant correlates of behavioural disorders in children

Pork production in the Tanzanian livestock master plan

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundatio

Development of the chicken sector in the Tanzanian livestock master plan

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundatio

A descriptive analysis of admissions to Amanuel Psychiatric Hospital in Ethiopia

Background: The care of patients with severe mental disorder in Ethiopia remains centralized in the capital city. Objective: To assess pattern of psychiatric admission and its implication for service provision. Methods: A descriptive analysis of one-year admission data was undertaken from the only psychiatric hospital in Ethiopia. Results: The annual age-sex standardized admission rate was 4 per 100 000 (n=1564). Two-thirds of the patients came from Addis Ababa and the immediate surrounding areas. Nearly three-quarters were men, and aged 30 years or younger. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were the top two discharge diagnoses. The median length of hospital stay (LOS) was 63 days. Diagnosis of schizophrenia and place of residence, i.e. living outside of Addis Ababa independently predicted LOS above the median. Conclusion: Admission data demonstrated a huge mental health unmet need in Ethiopia. Providing adequate resources for modernization and well-supervised decentralization may be vital steps in the quest for accessible and equitable psychiatric care.The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 21 (2) 2007: pp. 173-17

Dinamika Muhammadiyah Di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Muhammadiyah is an influential organization, especially in reforming the education sector and eradicating all forms of religious practice deviations. The development of Muhammadiyah in the Sumatra region began in 1925 in Minangkabau. Furthermore Muhammadiyah began to rapidly spread to the interior, which was oriented towards the countryside. With the rapid spread of Muhammadiyah to reach the Musi banyuasin Regency, Muhammadiyah established an elementary school in the rural area of ​​Sekayu (Ulak Paceh) in 1926 which is the oldest Muhammadiyah school in the South Sumatra region. Muhammadiyah then began to show its role by carrying out movements in the fields of economy, preaching and social welfare, politics and educationMuhammadiyah merupakan organisasi yang berpengaruh khususnya dalam pembaharuan bidang pendidikan dan memberantas segala bentuk penyimpangan praktik peribadatan. Perkembangan Muhammadiyah di wilayah Sumatera sudah dimulai pada tahun 1925 di Minangkabau. Selanjutnya Muhammadiyah mulai dengan cepat menyebar ke wilayah pedalaman, yang berorientasi di pedesaan. Cepatnya persebaran Muhammadiyah hingga sampai ke wilayah Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Muhammadiyah mendirikan sekolah dasar di wilayah pedesaan sekayu (Ulak Paceh) pada tahun 1926 yang merupakan Sekolah Muhammadiyah tertua yang ada di wilayah Sumatera Selatan. Muhammadiyah selanjutnya mulai menampakkan perannya dengan melakukan gerakan dalam bidang ekonomi, dakwah dan kesejahteraan sosial, politik dan pendidikan

Morphine-Induced Hyperactivity is Attenuated by Intra-Accumbens Administration of the Highly-Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonist VK4-40

Opioids exert their abuse-related effects by enhancing dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within the brain’s mesolimbic reward system, a neural projection involving DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that project to medium spiny neurons within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Mu (MOR) are expressed by several populations of GABAergic neurons that tonically inhibit VTA DA neurons. By inhibiting these GABAergic neurons in a MOR-dependent manner, opioids indirectly enhance DA neurotransmission via disinhibition of DAergic neurons. Accumulating evidence indicates that selective pharmacological antagonism of the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) attenuates the abuse-related effects of several opioids, but the neurobiological mechanisms mediating this phenomenon remains unclear. This project sought to determine whether the NAc may represent one site of action within the mesolimbic DA system where D3R antagonists exert their anti-opioid behavioral effects. To address this question, we assessed whether intra-NAc microinfusion of a highly-selective D3R antagonist, VK4-40, alters morphine-induced hyperactivity in mice, a behavioral marker of increased DA neurotransmission within the mesolimbic VTA-NAc projection. Adult male and female C57Bl/6 mice (n=8) were surgically implanted with bilateral guide cannulae targeting the NAc. Mice were then tested weekly for the impact of VK4-40 administration (0, 100, 1000 ng/side) on hyperactivity induced by morphine (18 mg/kg, i.p.). Our preliminary data suggests that intra-NAc administration of VK4-40 attenuated morphine-induced hyperactivity at the highest concentration tested (1000 ng/side). These early results suggest that the NAc may be one brain region in which D3R antagonists act to reduce the abuse-related effects of opioids. Next phases of this ongoing research project include 1) determining whether intra-NAc VK4-40 administration perturbs basal locomotor activity, 2) studying the effects of VK4-40 infusion in other nodes of the mesolimbic DA system, and 3) examining whether VK4-40 disrupts opioid-induced increases in the activity of VTA DA neurons and/or opioid-induced increases in NAc DA levels. Collectively, these studies are poised to reveal the neurobiological mechanisms by which selective D3R antagonism disrupts the abuse-related effects of opioids