All mixed up in the terrain: The geographic knowledge of mamelucos applied by Jesuits in the cartographic production of Paraguayan Backlands (1746-1753)

Cartographic images made by Jesuits in the 18th century turned out to be transnational and locally mixed cognitive experiences, as these missionary agents of a global institution were forced to establish a collaborative relationship with the multicultural spaces where they settled and undertook their activities. One of the cartographic genres developed by the missionaries, the Paraquariae Provinciae, combined information and geographical knowledge of the mamelucos, a mestizo social type of Amerindian with white Portuguese settler which has been widely acknowledged but poorly elucidated by the historiography making process. The present paper aims to address these issues by applying concepts and methods of critical cartography in order to compare maps built by the Jesuits.Las imágenes cartográficas realizadas por los jesuitas en el siglo XVIII resultaron ser experiencias cognitivas transnacionales y localmente mixtas, ya que estos agentes misioneros de una institución global se vieron obligados a establecer una relación de colaboración con los espacios multiculturales donde se asentaron y desarrollaron sus actividades. Uno de los géneros cartográficos desarrollados por los misioneros, el Paraquariae Provinciae, combinó información y conocimiento geográfico de los mamelucos, ampliamente reconocido pero poco dilucidado por el proceso de elaboración historiográfico. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar estos temas aplicando conceptos y métodos de cartografía crítica para comparar los mapas construidos por los jesuitas

Aprendendo com roteiros a comunicar por carta geográfica: cultura visual institucional de sertões e fronteiras conquistadas (século XVIII)

backwoodsmen and missionaries anticipated in the 17th century the development of a visual culture of the far lands of the coast of America through the elaboration of maps. They were used to communicate different messages, such as exploitation rights over metal-rich lands or the trajectory of the company of Jesus. With the advancement of the Portuguese Crown's geopolitical interests to these lands, in the 18th century, it had to face its deficient condition of maps. To this end, it installed governors who implanted an institutional visual culture based on the creation and circulation of maps to communicate backlands and conquered borders. This culture appropriated the visuality constructed by the itineraries’ backwoodsmen and Jesuit´s maps as shown by the official correspondence and maps of this time.Los sertanistas y misioneros de la América del siglo xviii continuaron una tradición cultura visual de origen castellano basada en bocetos, dibujos de itinerarios y mapas que comunicaban su sentido del espacio, el territorio y los lugares atados a sus recuerdos. Con el peso político que alcanzaron los mapas durante este período, producto de las disputas por la definición de los límites territoriales ibéricos, la Corona portuguesa se enfrentó a la necesidad de superar el déficit de su acervo cartográfico de las tierras interiores. Para ello, la Corona movilizó a gobernantes que además de implementar políticas de mapeo del territorio desarrollaron una cultura visual institucional que se apropió del conocimiento geográfico generado por los guiones y los mapas de los  jesuitas, empleando estos recursos para la elaboración de imágenes cartográficas diseñadas con el fin de representar y comunicar áreas y territorios remotos como parte de una agenda imperial de las regiones y las fronteras conquistadas, como se evidencia en la correspondencia oficial y los mapas de la época.Sertanistas e missionários na América do século xviii continuaram uma tradição castelhana de cultura visual baseada em esboços, desenhos de itinerário e mapas que comunicaram seu sentido de espaço, território e lugar vinculado às suas memórias. Com o peso político alcançado pelos mapas nesse período, devido às disputas pela definição dos limites territoriais ibéricos, a Coroa portuguesa se viu diante da necessidade de superar sua condição deficitária de mapas das terras interiores. Para tanto, mobilizou governadores que, ao implantarem políticas de mapeamento do território, também desenvolveram uma cultura visual institucional que se apropriou dos conhecimentos geográficos gerados pelos roteiros e pelos mapas de jesuítas, e os utilizou na confecção de suas imagens cartográficas com o objetivo de comunicar e traduzir campos e sertões para uma agenda imperial de sertões e fronteiras conquistadas, como mostram a correspondênciaoficial e os mapas de época

Desenhos de itinerário

Desenhos de itinerário são um tipo de imagem cartográfica que mostram que um mapa não é uma imagem-objeto genérica, mas variável nas suas características formais, finalidades e formas de produção. Por terem sido produzidos em campo e em circunstância de mapeamento alguns destes desenhos demonstram marcas de etnogeografias nativas, derivadas da maneira como grupos indígenas ocupavam, usavam e percorriam os espaços. Apesar de estudos anteriores admitirem a contribuição da geografia indígena no processo de expansão territorial do Brasil e de pesquisas recentes defenderem a figura do índio como agente ativo na história ainda não são feitas conexões consistentes entre etnogeografias e imagens cartográficas. Este texto mostra como um desenho de itinerário feito por um padre durante expedições de mapeamento dos sertões do sul do Brasil flexibiliza o conceito de mapa normatizado pela cultura moderna. Para traçar as características essenciais de um desenho de itinerário e verificar seu diálogo com etnogeografias nativas foram lidos em conjunto um desenho e diários de jornada escritos pelos agentes sociais envolvidos na circunstância de produção deste desenho. Os resultados alcançados foram interpretados à luz de questões colocadas pela história sociocultural da cartografia mais recente e pela proposta teórico-metodológica que propõe a identificação dos diferentes gêneros da imagem cartográfica.Los dibujos del itinerario son un tipo de imagen cartográfica que muestran que un mapa no es una imagen de objeto genérica, sino que varía en sus características formales, propósitos y formas de producción. Debido a que se produjeron en el campo y bajo condiciones de mapeo, algunos de estos dibujos muestran las marcas de las etnogeografías nativas, derivadas de la forma en que los grupos indígenas ocuparon, usaron y viajaron por los espacios. Aunque los estudios anteriores admiten la contribución de la geografía indígena en el proceso de expansión territorial de Brasil y las investigaciones recientes sostienen que la figura del indio como agente activo en la historia, todavía no hay conexiones constantes entre las etnogeografías y las imágenes cartográficas. Este texto muestra cómo un dibujo de itinerario realizado por un sacerdote durante las expediciones de mapeo en el interior del sur de Brasil hace que el concepto de mapa estandarizado por la cultura moderna sea más flexible. Para rastrear las características esenciales de un diseño de itinerario y para verificar su diálogo con las etnogeografías nativas, se leyeron juntos un dibujo y revistas escritas por los agentes sociales involucrados en las circunstancias de producción de este diseño. Los resultados obtenidos se interpretaron a la luz de las preguntas planteadas por la historia sociocultural de la cartografía más reciente y por la propuesta teórico-metodológica que propone la identificación de los diferentes géneros de la imagen cartográfica.Itinerary drawings are a type of cartographic image that show that a map is not a generic object image, but variable in its formal characteristics, purposes and forms of production. Because they were produced in the field and under mapping conditions, some of these drawings demonstrate the marks of native ethnogeographies, derived from the way indigenous groups occupied, used, and traveled the spaces. Although previous studies admit the contribution of indigenous geography in the process of territorial expansion of Brazil and recent research advocates the figure of the Indian as an active agent in history, there are still no consistent connections between ethnogeographies and cartographic images. This text shows how an itinerary drawing made by a priest during mapping expeditions in the hinterlands of southern Brazil makes the concept of map standardized by modern culture more flexible. In order to trace the essential characteristics of an itinerary drawing and to verify its dialogue with native ethnogeographies, a drawing and journals written by the social agents involved in the production circumstance of this design were read together. The results obtained were interpreted in the light of questions posed by the socio-cultural history of the most recent cartography and by the theoretical-methodological proposal that propose the identification of the different genera of the cartographic image.Les dessins de routage sont un type d'image cartographique qui montre qu'une carte n'est pas une image d'objet générique, mais qu'elle présente des caractéristiques formelles, des objectifs et des formes de production variables. Comme ils ont été réalisés sur le terrain et dans des conditions cartographiques, certains de ces dessins montrent les marques des ethnogéographies autochtones, dérivées de la manière dont les groupes autochtones occupaient, utilisaient et parcouraient les espaces. Bien que des études antérieures aient admis la contribution de la géographie autochtone au processus d'expansion territoriale du Brésil et des recherches récentes pour défendre la figure de l'Indien en tant qu'agent actif de l'histoire, il n'y a toujours pas de liens cohérents entre ethnogéographies et images cartographiques. Ce texte montre comment un itinéraire tracé par un prêtre au cours d'expéditions cartographiques dans l'arrière-pays du sud du Brésil assouplit le concept de carte normalisé par la culture moderne. Afin de retracer les caractéristiques essentielles d'un projet d'itinéraire et de vérifier son dialogue avec les ethnogéographies autochtones, un dessin et des journaux écrits par les agents sociaux impliqués dans les conditions de production de ce projet ont été lus ensemble. Les résultats obtenus ont été interprétés à la lumière des questions posées par l'histoire socioculturelle de la cartographie la plus récente et par la proposition théorico-méthodologique proposant l'identification des différents genres de l'image cartographique

Selectivity of Pesticides used in Integrated Apple Production to the Lacewing, Chrysoperla externa

This research aimed to assess the toxicity of the pesticides abamectin 18 CE (0.02 g a.i. L-1), carbaryl 480 SC (1.73 g a.i. L-1), sulfur 800 GrDA (4.8 g a.i. L-1), fenitrothion 500 CE (0.75 g a.i. L-1), methidathion 400 CE (0.4 g a.i. L-1), and trichlorfon 500 SC (1.5 g a.i. L-1) as applied in integrated apple production in Brazil on the survival, oviposition capacity, and egg viability of the lacewing, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An attempt was made to study morphological changes caused by some of these chemicals, by means of ultrastructural analysis, using a scanning electronic microscope. Carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion caused 100% adult mortality for both populations, avoiding evaluation of pesticides' effects on predator reproductive parameters. Abamectin and sulfur also affected the survival of these individuals with mortality rates of 10% and 6.7%, respectively, for adults from Bento Gonçalves, and were harmless to those from Vacaria at the end of evaluation. Trichlorfon was also harmless to adults from both populations. No compound reduced oviposition capacity. C. externa from Vacaria presented higher reproductive potential than those from Bento Gonçalves. In relation to egg viability, sulfur was the most damaging compound to both populations of C. externa. Ultrastructural analyses showed morphological changes in the micropyle and the chorion of eggs laid by C. externa treated with either abamectin or sulfur. The treatment may have influenced the fertilization of C. externa eggs and embryonic development. Sulfur was responsible for malformations in the end region of the abdomen and genitals of treated females. When applied to adults, abamectin, sulfur, and trichlorfon were harmless, while carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion were harmful, according to the IOBC classification

Hypotensive effect and endothelium-dependent vascular action of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum

The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical profile, vascular reactivity, and acute hypotensive effect (AHE) of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (EEAP). Its chemical profile was evaluated using HPLC-UV, ICP-OES, and colorimetric quantification of total flavonoids and polyphenols. The vascular reactivity of the extract was determined using the mesenteric bed isolated from WKY. AHE dose-response curves were obtained for both EEAP and inorganic material isolated from AP (IAP) in WKY and SHR animals. Cytotoxic and mutagenic safety levels were determined by the micronucleus test. Rutin-like flavonoids were quantified in the EEAP (1.8 ± 0.03%), and the total flavonoid and polyphenol ratios were 4.1 ± 1.8% and 5.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. We observed that the vasodilation action of EEAP was partially mediated by nitric oxide (·NO). The IAP showed the presence of calcium (137.76 ± 4.08 μg mg-1). The EEAP and IAP showed an AHE in WKY and SHR animals. EEAP did not have cytotoxic effects or cause chromosomic alterations. The AHE shown by EEAP could result from its endothelium-dependent vascular action. Rutin-like flavonoids, among other polyphenols, could contribute to these biological activities, and the calcium present in EEAP could act in a synergistic way

Environmental and sanitary conditions of guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro

Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in the coast of Brazil, with an area of 384 km2. In its surroundings live circa 16 million inhabitants, out of which 6 million live in Rio de Janeiro city, one of the largest cities of the country, and the host of the 2016 Olympic Games. Anthropogenic interference in Guanabara Bay area started early in the XVI century, but environmental impacts escalated from 1930, when this region underwent an industrialization process. Herein we present an overview of the current environmental and sanitary conditions of Guanabara Bay, a consequence of all these decades of impacts. We will focus on microbial communities, how they may affect higher trophic levels of the aquatic community and also human health. The anthropogenic impacts in the bay are flagged by heavy eutrophication and by the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms that are either carried by domestic and/or hospital waste (e.g., virus, KPC-producing bacteria, and fecal coliforms), or that proliferate in such conditions (e.g., vibrios). Antibiotic resistance genes are commonly found in metagenomes of Guanabara Bay planktonic microorganisms. Furthermore, eutrophication results in recurrent algal blooms, with signs of a shift toward flagellated, mixotrophic groups, including several potentially harmful species. A recent large-scale fish kill episode, and a long trend decrease in fish stocks also reflects the bay’s degraded water quality. Although pollution of Guanabara Bay is not a recent problem, the hosting of the 2016 Olympic Games propelled the government to launch a series of plans to restore the bay’s water quality. If all plans are fully implemented, the restoration of Guanabara Bay and its shores may be one of the best legacies of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro

Inclusión laboral para personas con discapacidad

Expone en una primera parte las reflexiones en los marcos legislativos y curriculares en torno al ámbito laboral de las personas con discapacidad y, en una segunda parte las recomendaciones finales que realizó el grupo de expertos reunidos en la mesa de trabajo sobre la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad, los días 12, 13 y 14 de noviembre de 2008, en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, con la intención de influir positivamente en el reto de hacer efectivo el derecho al trabajo de estas personas

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, BrasilFil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; BrasilFil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; BrasilFil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; BrasilFil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; BrasilFil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; BrasilFil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; BrasilFil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; BrasilFil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; BrasilFil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; BrasilFil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; BrasilFil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino UnidoFil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; BrazilFil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; BrasilFil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; BrasilFil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; BrasilFil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; BrasilFil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentin