Protecting the Built Environment of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

For most Canadians, environment is their city or town, where they reside, work, and spend most of their leisure hours. The quality of this urban or semi-urban environment will have a significant impact upon their everyday life, including stress, cultural identity, and sense of historic continuity. Conserving the cultural and aesthetic values represented by the buildings which constitute this environment therefore deserves attention. One way for such buildings to be saved is to be purchased by someone dedicated to their retention; but since it is impossible to thus acquire all valuable buildings, this article looks at alternate approaches. There are legal mechanisms at five levels: international, federal, provincial, municipal, and private. Furthermore, public participation is an important dimension to any discussion of land use controls. The international and federal apsects of protecting the built environment were already described by this writer in a previous publication. 1 The salient features of that detailed description can be summarized as follow

Diagnostique optimal d'erreurs pour architecture de qubits à mesure faible et continue

L'un des principaux obstacles pour construire un ordinateur quantique est la décohérence, laquelle limite grandement le temps alloué pour un calcul ainsi que la taille du système. Pour combattre la décohérence dans un système quantique, des protocoles de correction d'erreurs ont été proposés et semblent apporter une bonne solution à ce problème. Ces protocoles consistent à confiner l'information que contiennent les qubits dans un sous-espace nommé espace code. Après un certain temps d'évolution, on pose un diagnostic sur l'erreur qui s'est produite sur le système en effectuant des mesures indiquant s'il est toujours dans l'espace code où s'il a évolué vers un autre sous-espace. Pour que de tels protocoles soient efficaces, les mesures effectuées doivent en principe être rapides et projectives. Cependant, pour plusieurs architectures de qubits existantes, les mesures sont faibles et se font de façon continue. De plus, elles peuvent introduire elles-mêmes des erreurs dans le système. Ces caractéristiques de mesure rendent difficile le diagnostic de l'erreur tel qu'il est effectué traditionnellement. Aussi comme les mesures peuvent introduire des erreurs, il n'est pas certain que les protocoles de diagnostic d'erreur traditionnels soient utiles. Dans ce travail, on étudie l'utilité d'une mesure faible et continue dans un processus de correction d'erreurs. Cette étude s'est réalisée en deux volets. D'abord, on présente un protocole de correction d'erreur adapté aux architectures de qubits dont la mesure est faible et se fait de façon continue. On montre que ce protocole permet d'évaluer sous quelles conditions une mesure présentant ces caractéristiques peut aider à corriger des erreurs. Ensuite, on teste ce protocole de correction dans le cas particulier des qubits supraconducteurs. On établit sous quelles conditions la mesure sur ces qubits peut aider à diagnostiquer les erreurs et on étudie l'effet de différents paramètres expérimentaux dans ce contexte

Quantum error correction benchmarks for continuous weak parity measurements

We present an experimental procedure to determine the usefulness of a measurement scheme for quantum error correction (QEC). A QEC scheme typically requires the ability to prepare entangled states, to carry out multi-qubit measurements, and to perform certain recovery operations conditioned on measurement outcomes. As a consequence, the experimental benchmark of a QEC scheme is a tall order because it requires the conjuncture of many elementary components. Our scheme opens the path to experimental benchmarks of individual components of QEC. Our numerical simulations show that certain parity measurements realized in circuit quantum electrodynamics are on the verge of being useful for QEC

S. SAUVADON, B. FERET, Fonds photographique Jules Bonnel (1864-1935), Archives départementales de l'Ardèche, 1996, 98 p., 97 ill. NB, ind.

Hommage au photographe amateur Jules Bonnel et à ses descendants qui ont su préserver ce fonds, cette plaquette réalisée par les services des archives départementales de l'Ardèche se présente comme un inventaire exhaustif des 1694 plaques de verre conservées, accompagné d'un choix d'une centaine d'illustrations et d'une courte biographie. On n'ira pas chercher ici une oeuvre d'exception: au contraire, c'est dans sa banalité même que cet ensemble iconographique suscite l'intérêt, en fo..

Entre flore et paysage

Aujourd'hui conservée dans les locaux de l'université de Montpellier II, la collection photographique de l'institut de botanique comprend environ un millier de documents, tirages sur papier et négatifs sur verre d'auteurs divers, s'étendant pour l'essentiel du début des années 1880 à 1913. C'est à la forte personnalité de Charles Flahault (1852-1935, fig. 5.), l'un des principaux fondateurs de la géographie botanique, nommé en 1881 à la faculté des sciences de Montpellier, que l'instit..

Volatile Compound Formation During Argan Kernel Roasting

Virgin edible argan oil is prepared by cold-pressing argan kernels previously roasted at 110°C for up to 25 minutes. The concentration of 40 volatile compounds in virgin edible argan oil was determined as a function of argan kernel roasting time. Most of the volatile compounds begin to be formed after 15 to 25 minutes of roasting. This suggests that a strictly controlled roasting time should allow the modulation of argan oil taste and thus satisfy different types of consumers. This could be of major importance considering the present booming use of edible argan oil

RBPDB: a database of RNA-binding specificities

The RNA-Binding Protein DataBase (RBPDB) is a collection of experimental observations of RNA-binding sites, both in vitro and in vivo, manually curated from primary literature. To build RBPDB, we performed a literature search for experimental binding data for all RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with known RNA-binding domains in four metazoan species (human, mouse, fly and worm). In total, RPBDB contains binding data on 272 RBPs, including 71 that have motifs in position weight matrix format, and 36 sets of sequences of in vivo-bound transcripts from immunoprecipitation experiments. The database is accessible by a web interface which allows browsing by domain or by organism, searching and export of records, and bulk data downloads. Users can also use RBPDB to scan sequences for RBP-binding sites. RBPDB is freely available, without registration at http://rbpdb.ccbr.utoronto.ca/

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Mediate Interstitial Flow Mechanotransduction Regulating MMP-13 Expression and Cell Motility via FAK-ERK in 3D Collagen

Interstitial flow directly affects cells that reside in tissues and regulates tissue physiology and pathology by modulating important cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. However, the structures that cells utilize to sense interstitial flow in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment have not yet been elucidated. Previously, we have shown that interstitial flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts via activation of an ERK1/2-c-Jun pathway, which in turn promotes cell migration in collagen. Herein, we focused on uncovering the flow-induced mechanotransduction mechanism in 3D.Cleavage of rat vascular SMC surface glycocalyx heparan sulfate (HS) chains from proteoglycan (PG) core proteins by heparinase or disruption of HS biosynthesis by silencing N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (NDST1) suppressed interstitial flow-induced ERK1/2 activation, interstitial collagenase (MMP-13) expression, and SMC motility in 3D collagen. Inhibition or knockdown of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) also attenuated or blocked flow-induced ERK1/2 activation, MMP-13 expression, and cell motility. Interstitial flow induced FAK phosphorylation at Tyr925, and this activation was blocked when heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were disrupted. These data suggest that HSPGs mediate interstitial flow-induced mechanotransduction through FAK-ERK. In addition, we show that integrins are crucial for mechanotransduction through HSPGs as they mediate cell spreading and maintain cytoskeletal rigidity.We propose a conceptual mechanotransduction model wherein cell surface glycocalyx HSPGs, in the presence of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions and cytoskeleton organization, sense interstitial flow and activate the FAK-ERK signaling axis, leading to upregulation of MMP expression and cell motility in 3D. This is the first study to describe a flow-induced mechanotransduction mechanism via HSPG-mediated FAK activation in 3D. This study will be of interest in understanding the flow-related mechanobiology in vascular lesion formation, tissue morphogenesis, cancer cell metastasis, and stem cell differentiation in 3D, and also has implications in tissue engineering