Subsequent female breast cancer risk associated with anthracycline chemotherapy for childhood cancer.

Anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with increased subsequent breast cancer (SBC) risk in female childhood cancer survivors, but the current evidence is insufficient to support early breast cancer screening recommendations for survivors treated with anthracyclines. In this study, we pooled individual patient data of 17,903 survivors from six well-established studies, of whom 782 (4.4%) developed a SBC, and analyzed dose-dependent effects of individual anthracycline agents on developing SBC and interactions with chest radiotherapy. A dose-dependent increased SBC risk was seen for doxorubicin (hazard ratio (HR) per 100 mg m-2: 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-1.31), with more than twofold increased risk for survivors treated with ≥200 mg m-2 cumulative doxorubicin dose versus no doxorubicin (HR: 2.50 for 200-299 mg m-2, HR: 2.33 for 300-399 mg m-2 and HR: 2.78 for ≥400 mg m-2). For daunorubicin, the associations were not statistically significant. Epirubicin was associated with increased SBC risk (yes/no, HR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.59-6.63). For patients treated with or without chest irradiation, HRs per 100 mg m-2 of doxorubicin were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02-1.21) and 1.26 (95% CI: 1.17-1.36), respectively. Our findings support that early initiation of SBC surveillance may be reasonable for survivors who received ≥200 mg m-2 cumulative doxorubicin dose and should be considered in SBC surveillance guidelines for survivors and future treatment protocols

Cohort profile: Risk and risk factors for female breast cancer after treatment for childhood and adolescent cancer: an internationally pooled cohort.

PURPOSE The International Consortium for Pooled Studies on Subsequent Malignancies after Childhood and Adolescent Cancer was established in 2018 to address gaps in knowledge of risk and risk factors for breast cancer subsequent to childhood/adolescent cancer by pooling individual patient data from seven cohorts. Initially, the pooled cohort will focus on three clinically relevant questions regarding treatment-related subsequent breast cancer risk in female survivors, which are the risk related to low-dose radiotherapy exposure to the chest, specific chemotherapy agents and attained age. PARTICIPANTS The consortium database includes pooled data on 21 892 female survivors from seven cohorts in North America and Europe with a primary cancer diagnosis at <21 years of age, and survival ≥5 years from diagnosis. FINDINGS TO DATE This is a newly established pooled study. The cohort profile summarised the data collected from each included cohort, including childhood cancer diagnosis information and treatment details (ie, radiotherapy fields and cumulative doses, and chemotherapy agents and cumulative doses for each agent). Included cohorts' follow-up started 1951-1981 and ended 2013-2021, respectively, for a median follow-up duration of 24.3 (IQR 18.0-32.8) years since primary cancer diagnosis. The median age at primary cancer diagnosis was 5.4 (IQR 2.5-11.9) years. And the median attained age at last follow-up was 32.2 (IQR 24.0-40.4) years. In all, 4240 (19.4%) survivors were treated with radiotherapy to the chest and 9308 (42.5%) with anthracyclines. At the end of the follow-up, 835 females developed a first subsequent breast cancer, including 635 invasive breast cancer only, 184 carcinomas in situ only (172 ductal carcinomas in situ and 12 lobular carcinomas in situ), and 16 with both an invasive and in situ diagnosis at the same moment. The cumulative incidences of subsequent breast cancer (both invasive and in situ) 25 and 35 years after primary cancer diagnosis were 2.2% and 6.2%, respectively. FUTURE PLANS The consortium is intended to serve as a model and robust source of childhood/adolescent cancer survivor data for elucidating other knowledge gaps on subsequent breast cancer risk, and risk of other subsequent malignancies (including data on males) in the future

Counseling and surveillance of obstetric risks for female childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: recommendations from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group

Female childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes related to their cancer- or treatment-associated sequelae. Optimal care for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors can be facilitated by clinical practice guidelines that identify specific adverse pregnancy outcomes and the clinical characteristics of at-risk subgroups. However, national guidelines are scarce and vary in content. Here, the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group offers recommendations for the counseling and surveillance of obstetrical risks of childhood, adolescent, and young adult survivors. A systematic literature search in MEDLINE database (through PubMed) to identify all available evidence published between January 1990 and December 2018. Published articles on pregnancy and perinatal or congenital risks in female cancer survivors were screened for eligibility. Study designs with a sample size larger than 40 pregnancies in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors (diagnosed before the age of 25 years, not pregnant at that time) were eligible. This guideline from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group systematically appraised the quality of available evidence for adverse obstetrical outcomes in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology and formulated recommendations to enhance evidence-based obstetrical care and preconception counseling of female childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors. Healthcare providers should discuss the risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes based on cancer treatment exposures with all female childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors of reproductive age, before conception. Healthcare providers should be aware that there is no evidence to support an increased risk of giving birth to a child with congenital anomalies (high-quality evidence). Survivors treated with radiotherapy to volumes exposing the uterus and their healthcare providers should be aware of the risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes such as miscarriage (moderate-quality evidence), premature birth (high-quality evidence), and low birthweight (high-quality evidence); therefore, high-risk obstetrical surveillance is recommended. Cardiomyopathy surveillance is reasonable before pregnancy or in the first trimester for all female survivors treated with anthracyclines and chest radiation. Female cancer survivors have increased risks of premature delivery and low birthweight associated with radiotherapy targeting the lower body and thereby exposing the uterus, which warrant high-risk pregnancy surveillance

Effets iatrogènes à long terme de la radiothérapie dans l’enfance : prédiction de risque et dépistage

Background: Today, the five-year survival rate of children with cancer in France is over 80%, which corresponds to more than 50,000 adults cured of pediatric cancer, but the prevalence of long-term complications exceeds 60% after a 30-year follow-up. In this thesis, we focused on two distinct health problems: one serious and fatal, which is the risk of secondary breast cancer - the other morbid, affecting quality of life and multifactorial, which is the risk of a small height in adulthood. Methods: The approach was different, essentially descriptive with field analysis, followed by intervention with the implementation of a national screening program in a targeted population for secondary breast cancer - and analytical with the development of a risk prediction model for small height risk in adulthood. The population studied was mainly that of the French FCCSS cohort, which are adults cured of childhood solid cancer and treated before 2000, with which some centres have joined for the breast cancer part. Results: Few women cured of childhood cancer and whose treatment included radiotherapy were screened (21.2% and 15.4% with radiological examinations). A significant proportion of infiltrating carcinomas were aggressive with 29% of triple negative tumors. On an intervention level, the DeNaCaPST program began 18 months ago and faced the problem of follow-up and transition of these survivors.Concerning the risk of small adult size, we were able to specify that low doses of radiotherapy received by the pituitary gland were a significant risk factor that this risk increased with the dose, that a large field on the spine was also an important parameter. Being small and being young at diagnostic of childhood cancer were two additional risk factors. In addition, we discovered the impact of two chemotherapy molecules from the alkylant family: busulfan and lomustine. Conclusion: Secondary breast cancers are reminiscent of those occurring in women with a BRCA constitutional mutation (age of onset, cumulative incidence at 50 years, aggressiveness of cancers, bilaterality rate), which justified the development of a national program, inspired by that for women at high risk due to a genetic mutation so that "equal risk, equal screening". The necessary care network is gradually being set up, requiring several amendments to the program. Regarding the risk of small height in adulthood, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.Contexte : De nos jours, la survie à 5 ans des enfants atteints d’un cancer dépasse les 80% en France, ce qui correspond à plus de 50 000 adultes guéris d’un cancer pédiatrique, mais la prévalence des complications à long terme dépasse 60% après un suivi de 30 ans. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux problème de santé distincts : l’un grave et mortel, qui est le risque de cancer secondaire du sein – l’autre, morbide, altérant la qualité de vie et multifactoriel, qui est le risque d’une petite taille à l’âge adulte. Méthodes : L’approche fut différente, essentiellement descriptive avec une analyse de terrain, puis interventionnelle avec la mise en place d’un programme national de dépistage dans une population ciblée pour le cancer du sein secondaire – et analytique avec élaboration d’un modèle de prédiction du risque pour le risque d’une petite taille à l’âge adulte. La population étudiée fut en majeure partie celle de la cohorte française FCCSS, qui sont des adultes guéris d’un cancer pédiatrique solide et traités avant 2000, à laquelle se sont associés quelques centres pour la partie sur le cancer du sein.Résultats : Peu de femmes guéries d’un cancer dans l’enfance et dont le traitement comportait entre autres de la radiothérapie bénéficiaient d’un dépistage (21,2% et 15,4% avec des examens radiologiques). Une proportion importante de carcinomes infiltrants étaient agressifs avec 29% de tumeurs triple négatives. Sur un plan interventionnel, le programme DeNaCaPST a débuté il y a 18 mois et a été confronté au problème du suivi, et de la transition de ces adultes guéris. Concernant le risque de petite taille adulte, nous avons pu préciser que de faibles doses de radiothérapie reçues par l’hypophyse étaient un facteur de risque significatif, que ce risque augmentait avec la dose, qu’un grand champ sur la colonne était également un paramètre important. Etre petit et être jeune au diagnostic du cancer pédiatrique étaient deux facteurs de risque supplémentaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons découvert l’impact de deux molécules de chimiothérapie de la famille des alkylants : le busulfan et la lomustine. Conclusion : Les cancers du sein secondaires rappellent ceux survenant chez les femmes ayant une mutation constitutionnelle BRCA (âge de survenue, incidence cumulée à 50 ans, agressivité des cancers, taux de bilatéralité), ce qui a justifié l’élaboration d’un programme national, inspiré de celui pour les femmes à haut risque du fait d’une mutation génétique pour que « à risque égale, un dépistage égal ». Le réseau de prise en charge nécessaire se met progressivement en place, nécessitant plusieurs amendements au programme. Concernant le risque de petite taille à l’âge adulte, d’autres études sont nécessaires pour confirmer nos découvertes

Long-term Iatrogenic Effects of Radiotherapy in Childhood : Risk Prediction and Screening

Contexte : De nos jours, la survie à 5 ans des enfants atteints d’un cancer dépasse les 80% en France, ce qui correspond à plus de 50 000 adultes guéris d’un cancer pédiatrique, mais la prévalence des complications à long terme dépasse 60% après un suivi de 30 ans. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux problème de santé distincts : l’un grave et mortel, qui est le risque de cancer secondaire du sein – l’autre, morbide, altérant la qualité de vie et multifactoriel, qui est le risque d’une petite taille à l’âge adulte. Méthodes : L’approche fut différente, essentiellement descriptive avec une analyse de terrain, puis interventionnelle avec la mise en place d’un programme national de dépistage dans une population ciblée pour le cancer du sein secondaire – et analytique avec élaboration d’un modèle de prédiction du risque pour le risque d’une petite taille à l’âge adulte. La population étudiée fut en majeure partie celle de la cohorte française FCCSS, qui sont des adultes guéris d’un cancer pédiatrique solide et traités avant 2000, à laquelle se sont associés quelques centres pour la partie sur le cancer du sein.Résultats : Peu de femmes guéries d’un cancer dans l’enfance et dont le traitement comportait entre autres de la radiothérapie bénéficiaient d’un dépistage (21,2% et 15,4% avec des examens radiologiques). Une proportion importante de carcinomes infiltrants étaient agressifs avec 29% de tumeurs triple négatives. Sur un plan interventionnel, le programme DeNaCaPST a débuté il y a 18 mois et a été confronté au problème du suivi, et de la transition de ces adultes guéris. Concernant le risque de petite taille adulte, nous avons pu préciser que de faibles doses de radiothérapie reçues par l’hypophyse étaient un facteur de risque significatif, que ce risque augmentait avec la dose, qu’un grand champ sur la colonne était également un paramètre important. Etre petit et être jeune au diagnostic du cancer pédiatrique étaient deux facteurs de risque supplémentaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons découvert l’impact de deux molécules de chimiothérapie de la famille des alkylants : le busulfan et la lomustine. Conclusion : Les cancers du sein secondaires rappellent ceux survenant chez les femmes ayant une mutation constitutionnelle BRCA (âge de survenue, incidence cumulée à 50 ans, agressivité des cancers, taux de bilatéralité), ce qui a justifié l’élaboration d’un programme national, inspiré de celui pour les femmes à haut risque du fait d’une mutation génétique pour que « à risque égale, un dépistage égal ». Le réseau de prise en charge nécessaire se met progressivement en place, nécessitant plusieurs amendements au programme. Concernant le risque de petite taille à l’âge adulte, d’autres études sont nécessaires pour confirmer nos découvertes.Background: Today, the five-year survival rate of children with cancer in France is over 80%, which corresponds to more than 50,000 adults cured of pediatric cancer, but the prevalence of long-term complications exceeds 60% after a 30-year follow-up. In this thesis, we focused on two distinct health problems: one serious and fatal, which is the risk of secondary breast cancer - the other morbid, affecting quality of life and multifactorial, which is the risk of a small height in adulthood. Methods: The approach was different, essentially descriptive with field analysis, followed by intervention with the implementation of a national screening program in a targeted population for secondary breast cancer - and analytical with the development of a risk prediction model for small height risk in adulthood. The population studied was mainly that of the French FCCSS cohort, which are adults cured of childhood solid cancer and treated before 2000, with which some centres have joined for the breast cancer part. Results: Few women cured of childhood cancer and whose treatment included radiotherapy were screened (21.2% and 15.4% with radiological examinations). A significant proportion of infiltrating carcinomas were aggressive with 29% of triple negative tumors. On an intervention level, the DeNaCaPST program began 18 months ago and faced the problem of follow-up and transition of these survivors.Concerning the risk of small adult size, we were able to specify that low doses of radiotherapy received by the pituitary gland were a significant risk factor that this risk increased with the dose, that a large field on the spine was also an important parameter. Being small and being young at diagnostic of childhood cancer were two additional risk factors. In addition, we discovered the impact of two chemotherapy molecules from the alkylant family: busulfan and lomustine. Conclusion: Secondary breast cancers are reminiscent of those occurring in women with a BRCA constitutional mutation (age of onset, cumulative incidence at 50 years, aggressiveness of cancers, bilaterality rate), which justified the development of a national program, inspired by that for women at high risk due to a genetic mutation so that "equal risk, equal screening". The necessary care network is gradually being set up, requiring several amendments to the program. Regarding the risk of small height in adulthood, further studies are needed to confirm our findings

Caractéristiques des cancers du sein survenant à un âge jeune, secondaires à une radiothérapie réalisée avant l'âge de 30 ans (étude rétrospective multicentrique dans le but de proposer un dépistage national précoce des femmes à haut risque)

But : L'irradiation du sein ou de l'aire axillaire au-delà de 3 Gy avant l'âge de 30 ans entraîne un risque majoré de développer un cancer du sein. Nous avons comparé, à fin de voir si les caractéristiques cliniques et anatomopathologiques différaient, les cancers du sein survenant chez ces femmes par rapport à d'autres groupes contrôles. Patients et Méthodes : Une étude rétrospective sur 11 centres français sur les données médicales de femmes suivies pour un cancer du sein qui ont eu une irradiation > 3 Gy sur au moins une partie du sein ou de l'aire axillaire avant l'âge de 30 ans pout tout cancer sauf un cancer du sein a été conduite. Résultats : Un total de 119 cancers chez 102 femmes ont été identifiés. Ces seconds cancers étaient plus fréquemment bilatéraux, de même que chez les femmes ayant une mutation germinale de BRCA1 ou 2, et présentait des marqueurs d'agressivité similaire au groupe BRCA2, avec 29,4% de tumeurs triple négatives, mais avec un taux plus important d'expression des récepteurs hormonaux. Seulement 12% des femmes avaient eu un dépistage dont uniquement clinique pour 22%. Les traitements différaient significativement avec moins de radiothérapie et plus de mastectomies. Conclusion : Ces résultats montrent que les cancers du sein secondaires après radiothérapie sont probablement agressifs. Des études futures devraient être menées pour déterminer le meilleur programme de dépistage et définir les indications dépendant du risque propre à chaque femme et déterminer la meilleure prise en charge de ces seconds cancers du sein.NANTES-BU Médecine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Implementing long-term follow-up after pediatric cancer: ethical tensions and survivors' perspective

International audienceHow the cancer episode is perceived has an impact on how the follow-up is approached. People for whom cancer is an episode of the past may be less concerned with follow-up than those for whom cancer is experienced as a chronic condition. However, this perception does not always correspond to the medically assessed state of health: the perception of cancer episode depends on the pathology/the perceived health status/the late effects of treatments/the existing medical follow-up, evolves in the same person according to the occurrence of symptoms related to lateeffects/knowledge about the risk of lateeffect/intensification or termination of followup, etc., fluctuates according to time of life and constraints or expectations associated with them. II. Different Expectations at Different Times of Life: Needs and expectations regarding LTFU vary significantly according to age, periods of life, and related constraints, or to the acceptance of the medical history that sometimes evolves

Implementing long-term follow-up after pediatric cancer: ethical tensions and survivors' perspective

International audienceHow the cancer episode is perceived has an impact on how the follow-up is approached. People for whom cancer is an episode of the past may be less concerned with follow-up than those for whom cancer is experienced as a chronic condition. However, this perception does not always correspond to the medically assessed state of health: the perception of cancer episode depends on the pathology/the perceived health status/the late effects of treatments/the existing medical follow-up, evolves in the same person according to the occurrence of symptoms related to lateeffects/knowledge about the risk of lateeffect/intensification or termination of followup, etc., fluctuates according to time of life and constraints or expectations associated with them. II. Different Expectations at Different Times of Life: Needs and expectations regarding LTFU vary significantly according to age, periods of life, and related constraints, or to the acceptance of the medical history that sometimes evolves

Implementing long-term follow-up after pediatric cancer: ethical tensions and survivors' perspective

International audienceHow the cancer episode is perceived has an impact on how the follow-up is approached. People for whom cancer is an episode of the past may be less concerned with follow-up than those for whom cancer is experienced as a chronic condition. However, this perception does not always correspond to the medically assessed state of health: the perception of cancer episode depends on the pathology/the perceived health status/the late effects of treatments/the existing medical follow-up, evolves in the same person according to the occurrence of symptoms related to lateeffects/knowledge about the risk of lateeffect/intensification or termination of followup, etc., fluctuates according to time of life and constraints or expectations associated with them. II. Different Expectations at Different Times of Life: Needs and expectations regarding LTFU vary significantly according to age, periods of life, and related constraints, or to the acceptance of the medical history that sometimes evolves

Impact de l’âge et radiothérapie: points clés chez les AJA

International audienceWhen using radiation therapy for adolescents and young adults (AYA), paediatricians, adults’ oncologists and radiation oncologists need to keep in mind several particularities through the whole therapeutic process. They embrace the indication, target volumes, prescribed dose, treatment techniques and follow-up. Indeed, the young age and the cancer features that characterised this population influence the modalities of irradiation. This article highlights the key points of AYA care with radiation therapy