No posterior mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion as revealed with electromyography and sirognathography

The activity of the anterior and posterior temporal, and of the masseter muscles was studied by electromyography and the position of the mandible by sirognathography. The recordings were made in 22 children, aged 8-13 years, with Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion before and during treatment of their malocclusion. The treatment comprised two phases: proclination of the upper incisors and bite raising with a removable plate, and the subsequent correction of the distal occlusion with an activator. The aim of the study was to reveal signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment. The electromyographic recordings were made in the rest position of the mandible, and during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing. The sirognathographic recordings comprised the positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during tooth contact during chewing and maximal mandibular movements. The muscle activity at rest was unchanged during the period of observation. The activity during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing decreased during the phase of proclination, which was interpreted as a result of occlusal instability. The positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during chewing were stable during the treatment. Neither the electromyographic recordings nor the recordings of mandibular positions revealed any signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment of the Class II, division 2 malocclusio

The influence of age and professional experience on the personality development and health experience of psychotherapists in the outpatient setting

Die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung von Psycholog*innen und Psychotherapeut*innen wurde bisher kaum erforscht. Daten aus groß angelegten Panelstudien deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass Menschen im höheren Alter niedrigere Werte in Neurotizismus, Extraversion und Offenheit, dafür aber höhere Werte in Verträglichkeit und Gewissenhaftigkeit aufweisen. In dieser Studie wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen Alter sowie Berufserfahrung mit diversen Persönlichkeitsvariablen für Psycholog*innen und Psychotherapeut*innen untersucht, um berufsspezifische Ef-fekte zu identifizieren. Methoden Im Zuge eines mixed-method-Designs wurden zunächst qualitative Expert*innen-Interviews (N=7) durchgeführt, um diejenigen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften zu explorieren, in denen Psychotherapeut*innen selbst rückblickend Entwicklungen im Laufe ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit wahrnahmen. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine repräsentative Stichprobe ambulant in Deutschland tätiger Psychotherapeut*innen (N=324) im Rahmen einer Online-Umfrage mittels verschiedener Persönlichkeitsfragebögen (darunter NEO-FFI, FSKN, PMH, SOP) befragt. Die querschnittlich erhobenen Daten wurden hinsichtlich potenzieller Zusammenhänge von Alter und Berufserfahrung mit diversen Persönlichkeitsmaßen analysiert. Mit einem statistischen Ansatz zur Modellrobustheit wurde die Stabilität der Beziehungen, die in einer Vielzahl von Regressionsanalysen gefunden wurden, bewertet, wobei für Berufserfahrung, psychotherapeutische Orientierung, Geschlecht und berufliche Anforderungen kontrolliert wurde. Im Anschluss wurden die berufsbezogenen Beziehungen anhand längsschnittlicher Daten aus dem sozioökonomischen Panel überprüft, indem neben Psycholog*innen auch weitere Berufsgruppen (darunter Mediziner*innen, Lehrer*innen und Sozialarbeiter*innen) untersucht wurden (N=6860). Ergebnisse Ältere Psychotherapeut*innen wiesen höhere Werte in Offenheit und niedrigere Werte in Neurotizismus und Gewissenhaftigkeit auf. Die Zusammenhänge erwiesen sich als linear. Es wurden keine moderierenden Effekte aufgrund beruflicher Anforderungen festgestellt. Alter konnte in den meisten Modellen als der bessere Prädiktor für Persönlichkeit identifiziert werden. Auch Psycholog*innen zeigen im Längsschnitt eine positive Entwicklung in Offenheit und eine negative in Gewissenhaftigkeit. Dies konnte nicht bei den anderen Berufsgruppen beobachtet werden. Schlussfolgerung Die beobachteten Zusammenhänge werden vor dem Hintergrund von Social-Investment-Theorien diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse können als erste Hinweise darauf gesehen werden, dass bei Psycholog*innen und Psychotherapeut*innen spezifische berufsbezogene Effekte der Persönlichkeit(-sentwicklung) wirksam sind. Die enge Verbindung zwischen persönlicher und beruflicher Entwicklung könnte als ein besonderes Merkmal der psychotherapeutischen Arbeit angesehen werden und sollte in der Ausbildung zukünftiger Psychotherapeut*innen stärker berücksichtigt werden.Little research exists on the personality development of psychologists and psychotherapists. Data from large-scale panel studies indicate that older people tend to show lower scores in neuroticism, extraversion, and openness, but higher scores in agreeableness and conscientiousness. This study examined the associations between age and job experience with several personality variables for psychologists and psychotherapists to identify profession-specific effects. Methods In the course of a mixed-method design, qualitative interviews with experts (N=7) were conducted to explore those personality traits in which psychotherapists themselves retrospectively perceived developments during their professional activity. Based on this, a representative sample of outpatient psychotherapists working in Germany (N=324) was surveyed in an online survey using various personality questionnaires (including NEO-FFI, FSKN, PMH, SOP). Data were analyzed regarding potential correlations of age and professional experience with various personality measures. With a statistical approach to model robustness the consistency of the associations was tested in a variety of regression analyses, controlling for job experience, psychotherapeutic orientation, gender, and job requirements. Subsequently, the occupation-related relationships between age and personality were tested using longitudinal data from the socioeconomic panel by examining other occupational groups (including physicians, teachers, and social workers) in addition to psychologists (N=6860). Results Older psychotherapists showed higher scores in openness, and lower scores in neuroticism and conscientiousness. The correlations proved to be linear. No moderating effects due to occupational requirements were identified. Age was identified as the better predictor of personality in most models. Psychologists also showed a positive development in openness and a negative development in conscientiousness in the longitudinal analysis. This was not observed in the other occupational groups. Conclusion The observed associations are discussed considering social investment theories. The results can be seen as initial evidence that profession-specific effects of personality (development) are operative in psychologists and psychotherapists. The close connection between personal and professional development could be seen as a special characteristic of psychotherapeutic work. This should be given more attention in the training of future psychotherapists

From Earth to Orbit: An assessment of transportation options

The report assesses the requirements, benefits, technological feasibility, and roles of Earth-to-Orbit transportation systems and options that could be developed in support of future national space programs. Transportation requirements, including those for Mission-to-Planet Earth, Space Station Freedom assembly and operation, human exploration of space, space science missions, and other major civil space missions are examined. These requirements are compared with existing, planned, and potential launch capabilities, including expendable launch vehicles (ELV's), the Space Shuttle, the National Launch System (NLS), and new launch options. In addition, the report examines propulsion systems in the context of various launch vehicles. These include the Advanced Solid Rocket Motor (ASRM), the Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM), the Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade (SRMU), the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), the Space Transportation Main Engine (STME), existing expendable launch vehicle engines, and liquid-oxygen/hydrocarbon engines. Consideration is given to systems that have been proposed to accomplish the national interests in relatively cost effective ways, with the recognition that safety and reliability contribute to cost-effectiveness. Related resources, including technology, propulsion test facilities, and manufacturing capabilities are also discussed

Report of the committee on a commercially developed space facility

Major facilities that could support significant microgravity research and applications activity are discussed. The ground-based facilities include drop towers, aircraft flying parabolic trajectories, and sounding rockets. Facilities that are intrinsically tied to the Space Shuttle range from Get-Away-Special canisters to Spacelab long modules. There are also orbital facilities which include recoverable capsules launched on expendable launch vehicles, free-flying spacecraft, and space stations. Some of these existing, planned, and proposed facilities are non-U.S. in origin, but potentially available to U.S. investigators. In addition, some are governmentally developed and operated whereas others are planned to be privately developed and/or operated. Tables are provided to show the facility, developer, duration, estimated gravity level, crew interaction, flight frequency, year available, power to payload, payload volume, and maximum payload mass. The potential of direct and indirect benefits of manufacturing in space are presented

Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Brain Serotonin Function and Concentrations of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ Mice

Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) is a method of lowering brain serotonin (5-HT). Administration of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) limits the transport of endogenous tryptophan (TRP) across the blood brain barrier by competition with other LNAAs and subsequently decreases serotonergic neurotransmission. A recent discussion on the specificity and efficacy of the ATD paradigm for inhibition of central nervous 5-HT has arisen. Moreover, side effects such as vomiting and nausea after intake of amino acids (AA) still limit its use. ATD Moja-De is a revised mixture of AAs which is less nauseating than conventional protocols. It has been used in preliminary clinical studies but its effects on central 5-HT mechanisms and other neurotransmitter systems have not been validated in an animal model. We tested ATD Moja-De (TRP−) in two strains of mice: C57BL/6J, and BALB/cJ, which are reported to have impaired 5-HT synthesis and a more anxious phenotype relative to other strains of mice. ATD Moja-De lowered brain TRP, significantly decreased 5-HT synthesis as indexed by 5-HTP levels after decarboxlyase inhibition, and lowered 5-HT and 5-HIAA in both strains of mice, however more so in C57BL/6J than in BALB/cJ. Dopamine and its metabolites as well as norepinephrine were not affected. A balanced (TRP+) control mixture did not raise 5-HT or 5-HIAA. The present findings suggest that ATD Moja-De effectively and specifically suppresses central serotonergic function. These results also demonstrate a strain- specific effect of ATD Moja-De on anxiety-like behavior

No posterior mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion as revealed with electromyography and sirognathography

The activity of the anterior and posterior temporal, and of the masseter muscles was studied by electromyography and the position of the mandible by sirognathography. The recordings were made in 22 children, aged 8–13 years, with Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion before and during treatment of their malocclusion. The treatment comprised two phases: proclination of the upper incisors and bite raising with a removable plate, and the subsequent correction of the distal occlusion with an activator. The aim of the study was to reveal signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment. The electromyographic recordings were made in the rest position of the mandible, and during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing. The sirognathographic recordings comprised the positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during tooth contact during chewing and maximal mandibular movements. The muscle activity at rest was unchanged during the period of observation. The activity during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing decreased during the phase of proclination, which was interpreted as a result of occlusal instability. The positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during chewing were stable during the treatment. Neither the electromyographic recordings nor the recordings of mandibular positions revealed any signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment of the Class II, division 2 malocclusion