ACE2 and LOX enzyme inhibitions of different lavender essential oils and major components linalool and camphor

In this present study, Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula stoechas, and Lavandula x heterophylla essential oils and their main compounds linalool and camphor were evaluated in vitro for lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition potential. The chemical compositions of L. angustifolia, L. stoechas, and L. heterophylla essential oils were confirmed both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, where 22.4, 0.9, and 30.6% linalool and 17.8, 54.7, and 15% camphor were identified for each oil among other components, respectively. Enzyme inhibitory activity studies were performed at 20 mu g/mL for the tested essential oils, whereas for linalool and camphor concentrations, 5 mu g/mL was used. The ACE2 inhibitions of L. angustifolia, L. stoechas, and L. heterophylla essential oils were 25.4, 34.1, and 27.1%, while the LOX inhibitions were observed as 79, 49.1, and 86.7%, respectively. In addition, linalool and camphor showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition with 77.1 and 85.1%, whereas the LOX inhibition was observed at 92 and 67.2%, respectively. In conclusion of the initial findings, further detailed in vivo studies are needed to confirm the safe use.Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commissio

Antimicrobial activity and in vivo toxicity evaluation of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. essential oil

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) is commonly known as “fennel”, a small genus of annual, biennial or perennial herbs distributed in central Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is widely cultivated throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world for its aromatic fruits, which are used mainly as a culinary spice [1]. Fruits and essential oil of F. vulgare are used as flavoring agents in food products, in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The essential oil is accredited with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, antidiabetic activities, among others [2].                In this present work, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the pharma grade F. vulgare essential oil. trans-Anethole (68.2%), fenchone (12.8%) and limonene (6.5%) were confirmed as the main constituents; the analysis was performed by GC/FID and GC/MS, simultaneously. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was tested against Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008, Bacillus cereus NRRL B3711, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 by a broth microdilution assay [3]. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were found to be: 6.25, 6.25, 3.12 and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was relatively low against the tested pathogens. In addition, lethal concentration (acute toxicity) was determined using the in vivo animal alternative Caenorhabditis elegans test [4]. Lethal concentration (LC50, 50% of killed nematodes) for the essential oil was determined to be <25 mg/mL

Antiprotozoal Activity of Turkish Origanum onites Essential Oil and Its Components

Essential oil of Origanum species is well known for antimicrobial activity, but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays. Herein, we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of Turkish Origanum onites L. oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts of O. onites and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum. The main component of the oil was identified as carvacrol (70.6%), followed by linalool (9.7%), p-cymene (7%), γ-terpinene (2.1%), and thymol (1.8%). The oil showed significant in vitro activity against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 180 ng/mL), and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects, without toxicity to mammalian cells. Carvacrol, thymol, and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil's in vitro antiparasitic potency. In the T. b. brucei mouse model, thymol, but not carvacrol, extended the mean survival of animals. This study indicates the potential of the essential oil of O. onites and its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections

Essential Oil of Betula pendula Roth. Buds

The essential oil of Betula pendula Roth. buds was obtained using both hydrodistillation and microdistillation techniques and their chemical compositions were analyzed using both gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, more than 50 compounds were identified representing 80% and 92% for hydrodistillation and microdistillation, respectively. The main components (by hydrodistillation and microdistillation, respectively) found were α-copaene (12% and 10%), germacrene D (11% and 18%) and δ-cadinene (11% and 15%) in the analyzed essential oils. The microdistillation technique proved to be a useful tool and compliant alternative when compared to hydrodistillation

Phlomis Pungens’in fitokimya ve in vitro farmakolojik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Phlomis pungens Willd. extract derived from the aerial parts. Material and Method: The phytochemical analysis was performed using GC-MS in order to identify the volatile components of the bioactive Hex extract. The wound healing activity of P. pungens extract was evaluated based on in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and, scratch activity was studied. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the extract was also evaluated. Result and Discussion: P. pungens methanol extract depicted a 5-LOX inhibitory activity at 78.2µg/mL (IC50), while the antioxidant activity by DPPH radical provided an IC50=2.41mg/mL, and the ABTS radical showed IC50=3.32mg/mL, respectively. The extract showed dose-dependently anti-inflammatory activity while L-NAME and P. pungens methanol extract significantly decreased LPS stimulated PGE2 production. According to the scratch assay results, all treatments led to an increase in cell migration rate with a dose-dependent effect. Our findings suggested that P. pungens methanol extract may have a role in wound healing according to the scratch test, and it is thought that its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity also contributed. Further evaluations are ongoing to confirm the in vitro activity under in vivo conditions.Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Phlomis pungens Willd. topraküstü kısımlarından elde edilen ekstrelerin in vitro yara iyileşmesi, antiinflamatuar, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktivitesinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Biyoaktif hekzan ekstresinin uçucu bileşenlerini belirlemek için fitokimyasal analiz GC-MS kullanılarak yapılmıştır. P. pungens ekstresinin yara iyileştirme aktivitesi, in vitro antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antiinflamatuar etkinlikleri değerlendirilmiş ve ek olarak ekstrenin in vitro sitotoksisitesi de değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: P. pungens metanol ekstresi, 78,2 µg/mL'de (IC50) 5-LOX inhibe edici aktivite gösterirken, DPPH yöntemi ile antioksidan aktivitesi IC50=2.41mg/mL ve ABTS IC50=3.32 mg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Ekstre, doza bağlı olarak anti-inflamatuar aktivite gösterirken, L-NAME ve P. pungens metanol ekstresi, LPS ile uyarılan PGE2 üretimini önemli ölçüde azaltmıştır. Strach metodu sonuçlarına göre doza bağlı etki ile hücre göç hızında bir artış gözlemlenmiştir. Bulgularımız, starch testine göre P. pungens metanol ekstresinin yara iyileşmesinde rol oynayabileceğini ve antioksidan ve antiinflamatuar aktivitesinin de katkıda bulunduğu düşündürmüştür. İn vivo koşullar altında in vitro aktiviteyi doğrulamak için başka değerlendirmeler devam etmektedir

Biological Activities and Chemical Composition of Turkish Sweetgum Balsam (Styrax Liquidus) Essential Oil

Objective:The purpose of this present study was to make a chemical analysis of the composition of essential oil obtained from sweetgum balsam and to examine its antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, α-glucosidase inhibition, and antioxidant activities.Methods:The essential oil obtained by the hydrodistillation method was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were evaluated by disc diffusion and resazurin microplate methods, the anticholinesterase effect was determined by using in vitro AChE and BChE enzymes inhibition assays, and the antioxidant effect was evaluated by ABTS and CUPRAC methods.Results:The main components of the essential oil were determined as styrene (92.6%) and α-pinene (2.2%). The essential oil showed weak antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis but strong antimicrobial activity against A. baumannii, C. glabrata. It showed moderate inhibitory activity to AChE and BChE enzymes, and IC50 values were calculated as 36.5 μg/mL and 69.5 μg/mL, respectively. It also showed low inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 value was 637.2 μg/mL) and a similar antioxidant effect in the CUPRAC and ABTS method (A0.5 value was 637.2 μg/mL and IC50 value was 632.2 μg/mL, respectively).Conclusion:Styrax Liquidus essential oil can be considered a natural antimicrobial agent due to its strong antimicrobial activity capacity against A. baumannii and C. glabrata strains

Anticholinesterase and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils of Naturally Grown Daucus L. Species in Turkey

Objective:This present study was conducted to determine the interspecific chemical variability and evaluate the biological effects of the essential oils of Daucus L. species growing naturally in Turkey. The species were D. carota, D. broteri, D. guttatus, D. littoralis, D. involucratus and D. conchitae (endemic).Methods:The essential oils were obtained from fruit samples by distillation method and were analyzed both by GC-FID and GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects of the essential oils were investigated. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by in vitro LOX enzyme inhibition activity. The anticholinesterase effect was tested on AChE and BChE enzymes.Results:The components, ratios, and yields of D. carota essential oils differed depending on the locations where the samples were collected. The main components were detected as carotol (1-74.6%), β-bisabolen (0.9-62.4%), 11αH-himachal-4-en-1β-ol (0.3-49.4%), trans-methylisoeugenol (1-45.7%). The main volatile compounds were found in D. broteri, D. guttatus, D. involucratus, D. littoralis, D. conchitae as β-sinensal (30.4%), methyleugenol (30.5%), methyleugenol (40.9%), α-humulene (29.4%), methyleugenol (29.6%) respectively. The essential oils didn’t exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Two essential oil samples of D. carota showed high anticholinesterase effects compared to the standard. The AChE IC50 was calculated as 6.04±0.30 μg/mL, 2.15±0.10 μg/mL (Galantamine IC50 1.13±0.02 μg/mL) and BChE IC50 11.32±0.20 μg/mL, 31.03±0.02 μg/mL (Galantamine IC50 12.15±0.36 μg/mL). These essential oils contained high levels of 11αH-himachal-4-en-1β-ol (25.04%, 49.42%).Conclusion:Because of their anticholinesterase potential, some D. carote essential oils can be evaluated in the preparation of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer’s disease by standardizing their components

In vitro antimicrobial and anti-mycobacterial activity of Piper nigrum Linn. essential oil

In the present study, it was aimed to determine the phytochemical components and evaluate the antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) essential oil. It is well known that black pepper preparations have a wide spectrum of biological activity along with its antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial properties of black pepper extracts were evaluated previously [1,2].                Commercially available black pepper dried fruits were used as study material. The dry black pepper fruits were pounded, and the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus. The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil was performed by GC-FID and GC/MS, simultaneously. In addition, in vitro antibacterial and antimycobacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenza, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. avium and M. fortuitum subsp. fortuitum were assessed by microdilution methods according to CLSI standards [3,4].                The black pepper essential oil was obtained in 10.7 mL/kg yield. According to the GC/FID and GC/MS results, the major constituent of the oil was determined as caryophyllene oxide (28.7%). The antibacterial activity results showed that the oil was effective at different concentrations in the concentration range of 0.16-2.5 mg/mL. According to the antimycobacterial activity results, the essential oil’s minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.08-0.31 mg/mL. LOX-antiinflammatory activity and Caenorhabditis elegans toxicity evaluations are under progress for the mode of action and selectivity of the activity

Biological activity and chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves of Myrtus communis L

Common myrtle (Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae) is an evergreen shrub. The genus Myrtus includes flowering plants and was previously thought to be represented by approximately 16 taxa in the areas of the Middle East and Asia [1]. It has been used for medicinal, food and spice purposes since ancient times. The essential oil is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agent [2,3].                In the present work, M. communis leaf essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil was analyzed by both GC-FID and GC-MS. α-Pinene (43.1%) and linalool (18.8%) were found to be the main constituents. The oil was evaluated for its toxicity (Caenorhabditis elegans), antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities. The IC50 value was 2.5 mg/mL against Leishmania tropica promastigotes. The following MIC values were determined: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 : 20 mg/mL; Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 13615 : 5 mg/mL; Candida albicans ATCC 90028 : 10 mg/mL; and Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008 : 1.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vivo selectivity of M. communis leaf essential oil against Leishmania tropica