Review of next generation hydrogen production from offshore wind using water electrolysis

\ua9 2023 The Author(s)Hydrogen produced using renewable energy from offshore wind provides a versatile method of energy storage and power-to-gas concepts. However, few dedicated floating offshore electrolyser facilities currently exist and therefore conditions of the offshore environment on hydrogen production cost and efficiency remain uncertain. Therefore, this review focuses on the conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen, using water electrolysis located in offshore areas. The challenges associated with the remote locations, fluctuating power and harsh conditions are highlighted and recommendations for future electrolysis system designs are suggested. The latest research in polymer electrolyte membrane, alkaline and membraneless electrolysis are evaluated in order to understand their capital costs, efficiency and current research status for achieving scaled manufacturing to the GW scale required in the next three decades. Operating fundamentals that govern the performance of each device are investigated and future recommendations of research specifically for the integration of water electrolysers with offshore wind turbines is presented

ATTRIBUTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS IN SUICIDE OCCURRENCE

The present study aimed to determine attribution of mental disorders in suicide occurrence. By a cross-sectional study, all suicide records (n = 5188), between 1993 and 2009 in Ilam province, were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was adopted. Totally, 27.5 of the suicides occurred due to mental disorders. This was significantly higher in males (29.3), individuals born in 1996(44) and 1990s (30.3), those aged 30 years and above (33.2) and suicide attempters (28.3), respectively and separately. The risk of suicide due to mental disorders was observed for females (OR = 0.85, CI = 0.74-0.97), those born in 1994 (OR = 2.82, CI = 1.27-6.24), completed suicides (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.68-0.97) and the age group 25 to 29 years old (OR = 0.82, CI = 0.66-1.01). Suicide due to mental disorders was higher among males compared to females, the rate of which was directly proportional to attempted suicide and age. It is therefore recommended that health educations be seriously carried on targeted groups

Marshall syndrome in children referred to specialist clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ilam, Iran, 2012

Periodic fever syndrome is a self-inflammatory disease. Since the disease is benign and self-limiting, the present study aimed to achieve a model to detect and differentiate it from other infectious diseases .In this study all children residing in Ilam who were suspected of Marshall Syndrome were examined. We chose a sample comprising children referred to Imam Hospital clinic of Ilam in 2012. Inclusion criteria consisted of more than three periods of fever without a source of infection, fever periods shorter than 5 days and repeated at intervals of about one month. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software 16. We used both of descriptive and inferential statistics, Kolmogrov smirnov, Chi-square. Significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was considered. The average of patients' age was 4.9 ± 1.8 months and their gender perception was 85.7 male and 14.3 female. In this study the average age of symptoms emergence was 48.33 ± 23.25 month. The average of fever periods in surveyed patients was 4.09 ± 0.88 days (minimum 3 days & maximum 5 days) and the intervals between fever periods was 40.23 ± 16.84 in average. The applied treatments in this study were Prednisolone and Ttonsillectomy. There was significant relationship between age and the symptoms (P<0.007). By having a true perception of Marshall Syndrome using diagnosis criteria, we could prevent uncontrolled prescription of antibiotics and their possible side effects, and it is a positive step towards reducing healthcare costs

Smoking status in Iranian male adolescents: A cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of smoking status and its associated factors in Iranian adolescents and a meta-analysis of recent cross-sectional studies in order to estimate the corresponding prevalence for all Iranian adolescents. In a cross-sectional study, 1064 male high school students in Zanjan city (northwest of Iran) were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used for smoking status and associated factors. Through the meta-analysis, all relevant published studies were reviewed. Almost one-third of adolescents (34.2, n =354) have experienced smoking either experimentally (23.4, n=242), or regularly (10.8, n=112). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (OR = 1.20; 95 CI: 1.05-1.37), risky behaviors (OR=1.83; 1.25-2.68), Tramadol medication (OR = 2.19; 1.54-3.11), low self-esteem (OR 1.07; 1.03-1.11), positive attitude toward smoking (OR= 1.15; 1.09-1.21), positive thinking about smoking (OR= 1.07; 1.01-1.14) and having smoker friends (OR= 1.94; 1.36-2.77) were significantly associated with cigarette smoking in adolescents. Meta-analysis results showed that 7 of Iranian adolescents are regular smokers and 27 are experimenters. Increasing prevalence of smoking in Iranian adolescents is a major concern for public health. Controlling risky behaviors and increasing health education are recommended. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of effective indexes on quality of life related to health in western Iran in 2013

Background: Today, indexes regarding longevity and life expectancy have increased; the most important issue now is how to spend time loving or in other words quality of life. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate effective indexes on quality of life related to health in western Iran in 2013. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 918 families were selected among different counties of Ilam Province by multi-stage clustering sampling. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire used to measure the general economic and quality of life: the SF-36 health status questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression models. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 32.97±9.5 years, and the mean score for their quality of life was 61.74±12.31. There was a significant statistical relationship between people�s quality of life and their marital status, province of residency, income, economic situation, and life satisfaction (P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant and inverse correlation between people�s age and quality of life (r = 0.21), physical health summary (r = 0.21) and mental health summary (r = 0.08). Conclusions: The mean quality of life among the individuals studied was in the middle level, however, it is important to consider the different dimensions of their living situations, such as economic protections, social cooperation, ability to present suitable behaviors to solve problems, and living situation, especially among deprived people. © 2016, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal

Anxiety as a consequence of modern dietary pattern in adults in Tehran-Iran

Food intake patterns in relation to mental health have already been revealed. To investigate the relationship between processed food consumption behavior and anxiety disorder, a cross sectional study was conducted. Overall, 1782 young adults aged 18-35 years were randomly selected using cluster sampling method from 22 districts of Tehran Iran in 2011. Diet assessment was done using a 24 hour recall questionnaire in two times with a week interval. Anxiety level was determined using the validated Speilburger test (Persian version). A proportional odds regression model was used to assess the effect of processed food consumption on anxiety variables. A significant statistical difference was found between men and women in terms of processed food consumption (p<0.001). Adjusting for age, total calorie intake, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and history of sedative drug consumption as well as mental health disorders, the proportional odds regression model showed a significant relationship between increased consumption of processed foods and anxiety (OR = 4.73, 95 CI: 2.89-12.54 for state and OR = 4.91, 95 CI: 2.88-13.99 for trait). Identification, modification and adjusting incorrect food patterns in the community could be considered as valuable steps to turn down nutritional-based health difficulties. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects of nutrition education on levels of nutritional awareness of pregnant women in Western iran

BACKGROUND: Maternal nutritional health, before and during pregnancy, influences the health status of herself and her developing fetus. Pregnancy is an important condition for improving nutritional knowledge. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed at determining effects of nutrition education on levels of nutritional awareness of a representative group of pregnant women in Western Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental intervention was undertaken on a random sample of pregnant women (n = 100) attending urban health centers in Ilam city (western Iran) during the year 2011 for prenatal care. A nutritional education program containing two to four lessons was undertaken for small groups of between six to ten women. Nutritional knowledge was assessed before intervention (pretest) and followed by two posttests within three weeks interval. RESULTS: The awareness level of pregnant women about healthy nutrition was significantly increased from 3 before intervention to 31 after the nutritional education intervention (P < 0.001). This significant difference was independent from maternal characteristics of age and levels of literacy and in obese mothers in particular. CONCLUSIONS: A nutritional education intervention will have a positive effect on nutritional awareness of pregnant women

Smoking stages, prevalence of drug abuse and role of associated psychological and social factors: A study on male high school students in Ilam city

Background & Aims: There are limited information about prevalence of smoking, drug abuse and its associated factors amongst Iranian students. The present study aimed to determine prevalence of smoking and drug abuse amongst male high school students in Ilam and the role of associated psychological and social factors. Method: Overall, 1000 male high school students were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data gathering. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used for univariate, multivariate and interactions analyses. Results: Mean age of students was 16.2 years. The prevalence of experimenter and regular smokers were 11.4 (95 CI: 9.3 -13.4) and 1.3 (95 CI: 0.5-2.0) respectively. Prevalence rates of alcohol, opium, Tramadol, Hashish, Ecstasy and methamphetamine abuses were 11.1 (9.1-13.0), 2.8 (1.7-3.8), 7.6 (5.9-9.2), 3.3 (2.1-4.4), 2.7 (1.6-3.7), and 2.1 (1.1-3.0) respectively. The logistic regression model showed a significant relationship between having a smoker friend (AOR: 1.99), self-injury (AOR: 2.35), peer pressure (AOR: 2.37) and Tramadol abuse (AOR: 3.00) and different stages of smoking. None of the considered interactions had significant effect. Conclusions: Although, prevalence of smoking in Ilam high school students was less than the corresponding reports from other provinces in Iran, drugs abuse followed the same pattern as the other provinces. In addition, psychosocial variables had an important role in adolescents smoking