Applications of “snowind” engineering – climatic wind tunnel methods

Transport and deviation of snow by wind induce many constraints on buildings, vehicles and industrial systems. A selection of questions from snow-wind engineering are presented in the paper. The experimental method that was undertaken to investigate these questions makes use of a large climatic wind tunnel, partly designed to address snow engineering problems at full scale: snow penetration in buildings, into ventilation systems of buildings and vehicles and snow or ice accretions on structures

Jules Verne 2.0, renewal of a large wind tunnel facility

International audienceThe paper aims at showing the evolution of methods to design a large wind tunnel. The current Jules Verne facility was designed with a scale model of the wind tunnel which enabled hot wire local wind speed measurements. The new facility is designed according a numerical modelling approach which parameters were validated by PIV measurements in the reduced scale physical model

The Aurignacian and Gravettian in northern Aquitaine: the contribution of Flageolet I

The site of Le Flageolet (Bézenac, Dordogne) contains two rock shelters excavated between 1966 and 1993. Le Flageolet I, the subject of this paper, opens to the west. On the bedrock, a first lithostratigraphic unit yielded three Aurignacian archaeostrata in a mass of very large blocks that collapsed before or during the earliest human occupations. A second overlying lithostratum contained at least six Gravettian archaeostrata. Due to the complexity of this archaeostratigraphy, we conceived and applied a method of excavation based on the three-dimensional recording of all artefacts with a maximum dimension over 1.5 cm, the use of artefact drawings at a scale of 1/5, and feature distributions, and the concomitant production of narrow vertical artefact projections along various frontal and sagittal axes. This method allowed for tight control over the definition and integrity of artefact levels. Analyses of the resulting assemblages show that the traditional regional cultural “markers” do not have the unambiguous chronological significance attributed to them in the past based on interpretations from excavations at La Ferrassie, Pataud, Caminade, and Roc-de-Combe. The large ungulate mammal biostratigraphy enabled us to chronologically position all the Aurignacian and Gravettian faunal assemblages from Le Flageolet I in relation to those from other Aquitaine sites; the faunal remains allow for the identification of particular environmental conditions that may be considered as “key events,” marking certain specific periods during the development of the Aurignacian-Gravettian sequence. Based on radiocarbon ages, several major Aquitaine sites, including Le Flageolet I, have been situated on the NGRIP climatic curve, thereby providing a chronological context independent of stone tool technology and typology. Based on all of this, a chronological-cultural model can be proposed that considers functional variation as an important influence on Aurignacian and Gravettian assemblage composition at Le Flageolet I and elsewhere. Since 1982, numerous publications on Le Flageolet I have contributed to a lively debate on the Western European Early Upper Palaeolithic. This paper addresses some recently expressed criticisms

L’Aurignacien et le Gravettien du nord de l’Aquitaine : la contribution du Flageolet I (Bézenac, Dordogne, France)

Le site du Flageolet (Bézenac, Dordogne) comporte deux abris sous roche fouillés entre 1966 et 1993. Le Flageolet I, objet de cet article, est orienté vers l’ouest. Sur le sol rocheux, une première unité lithostratigraphique a livré trois niveaux aurignaciens dans une structure d’accueil composée de blocs rocheux volumineux correspondant à l’effondrement de l’abri précédant ou contemporain des premières occupations. La seconde unité a livré plus de six niveaux gravettiens. En raison de la complexité de l’archéostratigraphie, nous avons conçu et appliqué une méthode de fouille basée sur l’enregistrement tridimensionnel de tous les vestiges lithiques et osseux de plus de 1,5 cm mis au jour, sur le relevé planimétrique au 1/5e des vestiges et des structures anthropiques ou naturelles et sur la réalisation concomitante de projections géométrales frontales et sagittales de faible épaisseur. Cette méthode a permis d’exercer un contrôle taphonomique sur l’homogénéité des nappes de vestiges. L’analyse des industries lithiques des ensembles aurignaco-gravettiens montre que les principaux marqueurs culturels n’ont pas la signification chronologique qui leur avait été attribuée précédemment sur la base de l’interprétation univoque des résultats des fouilles des abris de La Ferrassie, Pataud, Caminade et Roc de Combe. Les recherches fondées sur la biostratigraphie des grands mammifères ongulés ont permis de situer dans le temps les ensembles aurignaciens et gravettiens du Flageolet I relativement à ceux d’autres sites aquitains ; elles ont aussi conduit à la mise en évidence d’environnements particuliers qui peuvent être considérés comme des événements clés, marqueurs de certaines périodes au cours desquelles s’est développée la séquence aurignaco-gravettienne. À partir de leurs datations radiocarbones, plusieurs sites majeurs d’Aquitaine ont été situés relativement à la courbe NGRIP fournissant ainsi un cadre chronologique indépendant des données techno-typologiques. Sur cette base, une interprétation alternative au modèle chrono-culturel a été alors proposée faisant intervenir une variabilité d’ordre fonctionnel applicable au Flageolet I ainsi qu’à bien d’autres sites aurignaco-gravettiens. Depuis 1982, de nombreuses publications sur le Flageolet I ont contribué à un débat vigoureux sur les premières industries du Paléolithique supérieur de l’Europe de l’Ouest. Cet article répond également à quelques critiques récemment exprimées.The site of Le Flageolet (Bézenac, Dordogne) contains 2 rockshelters excavated between 1966 and 1993. Le Flageolet I, the subject of this paper, opens to the west. On the bedrock, a first lithostratigraphic unit yielded 3 Aurignacian archaeostrata within a mass of very large breakdown blocks that fell before or during the earliest human occupations. A second overlying lithostratum contained at least six Gravettian archaeostrata. Because of the complexity of this archaeostratigraphy, we conceived and applied a method of excavation based on three-dimensional recording of every artifact over 1,5 cm in maximum dimension, the use of scale drawings at 1/5 of artifact and feature distributions, and the concomitant production of narrow vertical artifact projections along various frontal and sagittal axes. This method allowed for fine control over the definition and integrity of artifact levels. Analyses of the resulting assemblages show that the traditional regional cultural “markers” do not have the unambiguous chronological significance attributed to them in the past based on interpretations from excavations at La Ferrassie, Pataud, Caminade, and Roc de Combe. Large ungulate mammal biostratigraphy allows chronological placement for all Aurignacian and Gravettian faunal assemblages from Le Flageolet I in relation to those from other Aquitaine sites ; the faunal remains permit the identification of particular environmental conditions that may be considered as “key events,” marking certain specific periods during the development of the Aurignacian-Gravettian sequence. Based on radiocarbon ages, several major Aquitaine sites, including Le Flageolet I, have been situated within the NGRIP climatic curve, thereby providing a chronological context independent of stone tool technology and typology. Based on all of this, a chronological-cultural model can be proposed that sees functional variation as an important influence on Aurignacian and Gravettian assemblage composition at Le Flageolet I and elsewhere. Since 1982, numerous publications on Le Flageolet I have contributed to a vigorous debate on the Western European Early Upper Paleolithic. This paper answers some recently expressed criticisms

Kallmann Syndrome: Mutations in the Genes Encoding Prokineticin-2 and Prokineticin Receptor-2

Kallmann syndrome combines anosmia, related to defective olfactory bulb morphogenesis, and hypogonadism due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency. Loss-of-function mutations in KAL1 and FGFR1 underlie the X chromosome-linked form and an autosomal dominant form of the disease, respectively. Mutations in these genes, however, only account for approximately 20% of all Kallmann syndrome cases. In a cohort of 192 patients we took a candidate gene strategy and identified ten and four different point mutations in the genes encoding the G protein-coupled prokineticin receptor-2 (PROKR2) and one of its ligands, prokineticin-2 (PROK2), respectively. The mutations in PROK2 were detected in the heterozygous state, whereas PROKR2 mutations were found in the heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous state. In addition, one of the patients heterozygous for a PROKR2 mutation was also carrying a missense mutation in KAL1, thus indicating a possible digenic inheritance of the disease in this individual. These findings reveal that insufficient prokineticin-signaling through PROKR2 leads to abnormal development of the olfactory system and reproductive axis in man. They also shed new light on the complex genetic transmission of Kallmann syndrome

A new 3MW ECRH system at 105 GHz for WEST

The aim of the WEST experiments is to master long plasma pulses (1000s) and expose ITER-like tungsten wall to deposited heat fluxes up to 10 MW/m$^2$. To increase the margin to reach the H-Mode and to control W-impurities in the plasma, the installation of an upgraded ECRH heating system, with a gyrotron performance of 1MW/1000s per unit, is planned in 2023. With the modifications of Tore Supra to WEST, simulations at a magnetic field B$_0$∼3.7T and a central density n$_{e0}$∼6 × 10$^{19}$ m$^{−3}$ show that the optimal frequency for central absorption is 105 GHz. For this purpose, a 105 GHz/1MW gyrotron (TH1511) has been designed at KIT in 2021, based on the technological design of the 140 GHz/1.5 MW (TH1507U) gyrotron for W7-X. Currently, three units are under fabrication at THALES. In the first phase of the project, some of the previous Tore Supra Electron Cyclotron (EC) system components will be re-installed and re-used whenever possible. This paper describes the studies performed to adapt the new ECRH system to 105 GHz and the status of the modifications necessary to re-start the system with a challenging schedule

La montagne explorée, étudiée et représentée : évolution des pratiques culturelles depuis le xviiie siècle

Le Siècle des lumières, qui consacre l’ouverture des élites européennes à la modernité scientifique, est aussi celui qui pousse les mêmes sociétés vers les sommets et les glaciers des montagnes. Objet de fascination et non plus de crainte, la montagne apparaît, à la suite de Rousseau et Senancour, dans toute sa majesté, à la fois vierge, mystérieuse, repliée sur elle-même et porteuse d’un message d’universalité. Après avoir longtemps suscité peur et préjugés depuis l’Antiquité, la montagne est devenue au xviiie siècle un territoire de conquête et de découverte générant toute une mythologie et un imaginaire qui vont modifier le rapport des sociétés européennes avec le milieu des sommets. Le Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques rassemble chaque année universitaires, membres de sociétés savantes et jeunes chercheurs. Ce recueil est issu de travaux présentés lors du 142e Congrès sur le thème « Circulations montagnardes, circulations européennes »

Los Batanes: A trap for the Pyrenean wild goat during the Late Pleistocene (Spain)

Los Batanes cave (1025 m.a.s.l.) is a karstic system formed by pressure ducts, near the locality of Biescas in the Upper Gallego Valley (Huesca, Spain). Many fossil remains were retrieved from the cave sediments. The minimum sediment calendar age was determined to be 12.770 ± 60 BP. This date indicates that the deposit was formed before the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition at the Pyrenees. Here we analyze the faunal assemblage of the site that is only conformed by remains of Pyrenean wild goat (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica), which is a recently extinct subspecies of Iberian wild goat (C. pyrenaica). In the site, 1079 remains of Iberian wild goat have been recovered being one of the most numerous both in minimum number of individuals (MNI) and number of identified specimens (NISP) recovered until now in a natural trap in the Spanish Pyrenees. The population of Los Batanes shows a wide range of ages between juvenile and senile individuals and the MNI estimated from the number of right metatarsus is nine. The taphonomic features indicate that the cave acted as a trap for the goats which inhabited the vicinity of the cave. These goats probably stumbled and fell to the bottom of the pit and they could not get out, dying inside. Due to the origin of the accumulation numerous complete bones have been recovered. These fossil allow us to perform a biometric analysis that indicates that population of Los Batanes is in the range size of other goats from Late Pleistocene of Iberian Peninsula

Applications of "SnoWind" engineering - Climatic WInd tunnel Methods

-Transport and deviation of snow by wind induce many constraints on buildings, vehicles and indus - trial systems. a selection of questions from snow-wind engineering are presented in the paper. The experimental method that was undertaken to investigate these questions makes use of a large climatic wind tunnel, partly designed to address snow engineering problems at full scale: snow penetration in buildings, into ventilation systems of buildings and vehicles and snow or ice accretions on struc - tures