Corn yield evaluation by color-infrared film

The traditional system of yeld forecasting utilizes technical reports from different resources. The collect of informations begins before the planting, period and the estimatives are adjusted during the development of the cultures. The present work, intends to show the possibilities of the color infrared film in the yeld forecasting of the corn. The quantitatives informations was obtained though the transmission density. The work was conducted en São Manuel Experimental Farm of -Faculdade -de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu - UNESP. The six trials consisted in different manure quantities, with probable yeld differences. The culture was photographed with color film (Kodak Ektachrome 64 ASA) and color infrared film Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Film) and the optical density was measured with a transmission microdensitometer, Weston, model 877 with a aperture of 0,8 mm. The interation between Yeld and Optical Density was analysed through correlation and linear regression. The analysis of the results led to the following main conclusions: a) after the necessary calibrations, the color infrared film, can be used in the yeld forecasting of the corn; b) the quantitative interpretation of the results through transmission density, suggest the application of this method in other types of cultures.O sistema tradicional para estimativas de safra utiliza-se de relatórios técnicos de fontes diversas. A coleta de informações, se inicia antes da época do plantio e as estimativas são vendo ajustadas de acordo com o desenvolvimento das culturas. O trabalho em questão, pretende mostrar as possibilidades do filme infravermelho colorido na estimativa de safra para a cultura do milho. As informações quantitativas foram obtidas através da densitometria de transmissão. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu - UNESP. Os seis tratamentos consistiram em doses diferenciais de adubo, prevendo prováveis quedas em produção. A cultura foi fotografada com filme colorido (Kodak Ektachrome 64 ASA) e infravermelho colorido (Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Film) e a densidade ótica medida em um microdensitômetro de transmissão marca Weston, modelo 877 e abertura de 0,8 mm. Para avaliar a interação entre Produção e Densidade Ótica, utilizou-se das análises de correlação e regressão linear. A análise dos resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões principais: a) Desde que se faça as necessárias calibrações, o filme infravermelho pode ser utilizado na estimativa de safra para a cultura do milho; b) A utilização do densitômetro de transmissão, para a interpretação quantitativa dos resultados, revelou-se importante sugerindo a aplicação do método em outros tipos de culturas

The objective of the present work is to propose a classification key to the identification of different kinds of vegetation

The studies were based on panchromatic, color and color inflared photographs of a test area located in the municipality of Campinas - SP. The photographic flight was carried on by means of a scientific cooperation of IXPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration and I AC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo. The vegetation was classified in natural and cultivated. The natural vegetation was classified in forest, cerrado, clean field, field with shrubs; and the cultivated in coffee, citrus other orchards mature eucaliptus, immature eucaliptus pasture and annual cultures. The studies were made in circular samples 10 km², ramdonly orientated. The obtained data were used to evaluate the efficiency of the classification key and every type of photographs. For the studied region, the quantitative analysis led he following conclusions: a) For the utilized scale, the classification key showed a good efficiency, and can be used. b) The three types of photographs showed the same efficiency in the identification of natural vegetation c) The effeciency of color and color infrared photography was similar in the identification of cultivated vegetation, but superior comparatively to panchromatic photography.Chave de classificação para identificação de vegetação em fotografias pancromáticas, coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas. O trabalho em questão objetivou a elaboração de uma chave de classificação para identificação de diferentes tipos de vegetação, natural e de culturas. Os estudos basearam-se em fotografias pancromáticas, coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas de uma área teste localizada no município de Campinas - SP. A cobertura fotográfica denominada Missão 96 resultou da colaboração científica entre INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration e IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo. No estudo, a vegetação foi dividida em dois grupos principais: natural e culturas. A vegetação natural foi subdividida em mata, cerrado, campo limpo e campo sujo, enquanto que as culturas subdivididas em café, pomar cítrico, pomar não cítrico, eucalipto jovem, eucalipto de dois ou mais cortes, pastagens e culturas anuais. Os valores foram obtidos em amostras circulares de 10km² inteiramente casualizadas. Os resultados obtidos foram utilizados para avaliar a eficiência da chave de classificação e de cada tipo de fotografia. Para as condições estudadas, obteve-se as conclusões principais: a) Para a escala utilizada, a chave de classificação proposta apresentou uma boa porcentagem de eficiência, podendo ser recomendada para futuros trabalhos. b) No estudo da vegetação natural, os três tipos de fotografias revelaram a mesma eficiência no que se refere à porcentagem de itens identificados corretamente. c) No estudo das culturas, a fotografia colorida e a infravermelha colorida, forneceram resultados semelhantes, superiores no entanto à fotografia pancromática, quanto à porcentagem de itens identificados corretamente

Fotointerpretação da vegetação através da densitometria

The photointerpretatives parameters are very subjective, because each photointerpreter has his own criterion. The objective of the present, work is to evidence the utilization of the densitometry in the interpretation of vegetation. In the study, were used aerial color photographs (transparences 23 x 23 cm) in the scale 1.6.000. The utilized color film was the Kodak Ektachrome MS Aerograpluc Film 2448. Because of the scale sise, was very easy to identify the natural and cultural vegetation. Each type of vegetation was classified by Munsell renovation The optical density was through a WESTON transmission microdensitometer, model 877. For each type of identified vegetation were made densitometric measurements, for later comparation. The obtained data were utilized in the evaluation of the importance of densitometric readings. For the utilized photographs, the main conclusions are: a) the densitometric measurements showed best results comparatively with the convencional photointerpretations; b) the utilization of color infrared film suggest the possibility of a increase in the importance of the densitometric readings.Considerando-se que os critérios fotointerpretativos têm muito de subjetivo, com resultados que variam segundo o fotointérprete, pretendeu-se neste trabalho, ressaltar a utilização da densitometria como auxiliar na fotointerpretação da vegetação. No estudo foram utilizadas fotografias aéreas coloridas (transparências 23 x 23 cm) na escala 1:6.000. O filme colorido utilizado foi o Kodak Ektachrome MS Aerographic Film 2448. Desde que as fotografias estavam numa escala grande, foi bastante fácil identificar as culturas existentes na área bem como a vegetação natural. Cada categoria de vegetação foi classificada pela notação de Munsell. A densidade ótica foi medida por intermédio de um microdensitômetro de transmissão, marca Weston, modelo 877. Para cada item identificado nas fotografias foram feitas leituras de densidade ótica, para posterior comparação. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para avaliar a importância das leituras densitométricas nas transparências coloridas, obtendo-se as seguintes conclusões principais: a) as medidas densitométricas ofereceram resultados mais consistentes que os obtidos por fotointerpretação convencional; b) a utilização do filme infravermelho colorido sugere a possibilidade de ampliar a resposta das leituras densitométricas

Fotointerpretação comparativa de fotografias pancromáticas coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas através da drenagem

The present work had as its main aim a quantitative evaluation of information obtained through different types of photographs. The studies were based on panchromatic, color and color infrared photographs of a test area located in the municipality of Campinas - SP. The photographic flight was carried on by means of a scientific cooperation of INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration and IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo and was known Mission 96. The drainage was the parameter analysed, and were measured the quantity and lenght of channels. The drainage network was studied monoscopically and stereoseopically, and the measurements were made in circular samples 10 km², randomily orientated. The obtained data were used to evaluate the efficiency of every of photograph, for the studied variables. On the basis of the present study, the quantitative analysis led to the following main conclusions: a) Color infrared photography was the best in the study of the drainage network quantitative characteristics, comparatively to panchromatic and color photographs; b) The results obtained in studying drainage through the monoseopic study of infrared color photography were similar to the results of stereoscopic analysis of the panchromatic photography, wich would present a better readiness in the photointerpretation process.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar quantitativamente as informações obtidas por diferentes tipos de fotografias. Os estudos basearam-se em fotografias pancromáticas, coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas de uma área teste localizada no município de Campinas - SP. A cobertura fotográfica denominada Missão 96 resultou da colaboração científica entre INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration e IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo. A rede de drenagem foi o elemento de comparação tendo sido estudados dois parâmetros: número de segmentos de rios e comprimentos de rios. A rede de drenagem foi estudada em monoscopia e em estereoscopia, onde as medições foram efetuadas em amostras circulares de 10 km² (parcelas), sendo que o delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas inteiramente casualizadas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para avaliar a eficiência de cada tipo de fotografia, para; os parâmetros considerados. Para as condições estudadas, obteve-se as seguintes conclusões principais: a) a fotografia infravermelha forneceu maior número de informações comparativamente às fotografias pancromáticas e coloridas, as quais ofereceram resultados semelhantes; b) os resultados obtidos pela análise monoscópica da fotografia infravermelha foram semelhantes aos resultados obtidos pela análise estereoscópica da fotografia pancromática, o que pode facilitar bastante o processo fotointerpretativo

Rate-dependency of action potential duration and refractoriness in isolated myocytes from the rabbit AV node and atrium

During atrial fibrillation, ventricular rate is determined by atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction, which in part is dependent upon the refractoriness of single AVN cells. The aims of this study were to investigate the rate-dependency of the action potential duration (APD) and effective refractory period (ERP) in single myocytes isolated from the AV node and atrium of rabbit hearts, using whole cell patch clamping, and to determine the contribution of the 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-sensitive current, ITO1to these relationships in the two cell types. AVN cells had a more positive maximum diastolic potential (-60±1 v-71±2 mV), lower Vmax(8±2 v 144±17 V/s) and higher input resistance [420±46 v 65±7 MOHgr (mean±s.eP<0.05n=9–33)], respectively, than atrial myocytes. Stepwise increases in rate from 75 beats/min caused activation failure and Wenckebach periodicity in AVN cells (at around 400 beats/min), but 1:1 activation in atrial cells (at up to 600 beats/min). Rate reduction from 300 to 75 beats/min shortened the ERP in both cell types (from 155±7 to 135±11 ms in AVN cells [P<0.05, n=6] and from 130±8 to 106±7 ms in atrial cells [P<0.05, n=10]). Rate increase from 300 to 480 and 600 beats/min shortened ERP in atrial cells, by 12±4% (n=8) and 26±7% (n=7), respectively (P<0.05). By contrast, AVN ERP did not shorten at rates >300 beats/min. In atrial cells, rate reduction to 75 beats/min caused marked shortening of APD50(from 51±6 to 29±6 ms, P<0.05). 4-AP (1 mm) significantly prolonged atrial APD50at 75 beats/min (P<0.05, n=7), but not at 300 or 400 beats/min. In AVN cells, in contrast, there was less effect of rate change on APD, and 4-AP did not alter APD50at any rate. 4-AP also did not affect APD90or ERP in either cell type. In conclusion, a lack of ERP-shortening at high rates in rabbit single AVN cells may contribute to ventricular rate control. ITO1contributed to the APD50rate relation in atrial, but not AVN cells and did not contribute to the ERP rate relation in either cell type

The implications of autonomy: Viewed in the light of efforts to uphold patients dignity and integrity

This article focuses on Danish patients’ experience of autonomy and its interplay with dignity and integrity in their meeting with health professionals. The aim is to chart the meanings and implications of autonomy for persons whose illness places them in a vulnerable life situation. The interplay between autonomy and personal dignity in the meeting with health care staff are central concepts in the framework. Data collection and findings are based on eight qualitative semi-structured interviews with patients. Patients with acute, chronic, and life threatening diseases were represented including surgical as well as medical patients. The values associated with autonomy are in many ways vitalising, but may become so dominant, autonomy seeking, and pervasive that the patient's dignity is affected. Three types of patient behaviour were identified. (1) The proactive patient: Patients feel that they assume responsibility for their own situation, but it may be a responsibility that they find hard to bear. (2) The rejected patient: proactive patients take responsibility on many occasions but very active patients are at risk of being rejected with consequences for their dignity. (3) The knowledgeable patient: when patients are health care professionals, the patient's right of self-determination was managed in a variety of ways, sometimes the patient's right of autonomy was treated in a dignified way but the opposite was also evident. In one way, patients are active and willing to take responsibility for themselves, and at the same time they are “forced” to do so by health care staff. Patients would like health professionals to be more attentive and proactive

Evolutionary Views on Entrepreneurial Processes: Managerial and Policy Implications

In this paper we outline an evolutionary framework of entrepreneurial processes where by firms are started, grow, and exit from the market. We explain the important of such a framework in explaining both what contextual factor affects entrepreneurial processes and in explaining the distinction and interaction between self-employment and high-potential entrepreneurship. We highlight the implications from prior empirical work using this evolutionary framework for management and policy making: Three broad implications relevant for managers and entrepreneurs interested in understanding how they can leverage their chances to position their firms as ripe for growth, and six detailed implications relevant for policy makers interested in understanding and affecting the structural conditions where by entrepreneurship can lead to enhanced growth and job creation

The short term debt vs. long term debt puzzle: a model for the optimal mix

This paper argues that the existing finance literature is inadequate with respect to its coverage of capital structure of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In particular it is argued that the cost of equity (being both conceptually ill defined and empirically non quantifiable) is not applicable to the capital structure decisions for a large proportion of SMEs and the optimal capital structure depends only on the mix of short and long term debt. The paper then presents a model, developed by practitioners for optimising the debt mix and demonstrates its practical application using an Italian firm's debt structure as a case study

Three dimensional optic tissue culture and process

A process for artificially producing three-dimensional optic tissue has been developed. The optic cells are cultured in a bioreactor at low shear conditions. The tissue forms normal, functional tissue organization and extracellular matrix