DIPL 6002 International Organizations

International Organizations (be they IGOs or NGOs) are often poorly understood, but they serve very real and important functions in our world. International relations would be profoundly different if they did not exist. Our goal in this class is three fold. First, we will trace the evolution of studies that address why international organizations are created. Second, we will discuss the functions that international organizations serve and the factors that shape their effectiveness. Third, we will apply this theoretical knowledge to empirical research on international organizations in the fields of political economy, security, the environment, and human rights. That having been said, it is worth stressing that this is a graduate level course in IO. As a result, we will not be reviewing the design of individual IOs per se. Our concern is more general: to understand why IOs are created, why they look the way they do, and how we better understand (both theoretically and empirically) the influence that they have

Manajemen Pengelolaan Industri Kecil Genteng Dalam Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (Studi Kasus Pada Industri Kecil Genteng Berkah Karya Desa Jatisura Kecamatan Jatiwangi Kabupaten Majalengka)

NENG NISA RIZKI DELIYANTI. NIM: 1808202030 “MANAJEMEN PENGELOLAAN INDUSTRI KECIL GENTENG DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH (Studi Kasus pada Industri Kecil Genteng Berkah Karya Desa Jatisura Kecamatan Jatiwangi Kabupaten Majalengka)”, 2021. Industri adalah kegiatan ekonomi yang mengolah bahan - bahan baku menjadi barang yang memiliki manfaat serta nilai ekonomis. Pada dasarnya jenis industri di setiap daerah berbeda-beda, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan karakteristik sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh setiap daerah. Kabupaten Majalengka terutama kecamatan Jatiwangi merupakan salah satu wilayah yang memiliki bersumber daya lokal yaitu berupa tanah liat untuk produksi genteng yang amat baik jika di manfaatkan secara maksimal. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam studi ini meliputi manajemen pengelolaan yang ada di dalam industri kecil genteng Berkah Karya Jatiwangi dan ditijau menurut perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yaitu penelitian yang ditunjuk untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis fenomena, persepsi dari informan. Dalam perkembangannya pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sumber data yang digunakan yaitu data primer merupakan data yang diperoleh dari dokumen/publikasi/laporan penelitian dari dinas/instansi dan data sekunder atau sumber lainnya sebagai penunjang. Dari hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Manajemen pengelolaan industri kecil genteng Berkah Karya Jatiwangi sudah sangat efektif dilakukan, dimulai dari proses produksi genteng yang terstruktur hingga proses pemasaran genteng yang cukup luas cangkupannya. Adapun ditinjau dari perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah yaitu manajemen pengelolaan industri genteng Berkah Karya Jatiwangi sudah melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan yang tidak melanggar prinsip-prinsip manajemen syariah. Kata Kunci: Manajemen, Industri, Hukum Ekonomi Syaria

PENATAAN KAWASAN PASCA BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR DI PUNCAK PASS, KECAMATAN CIPANAS, KABUPATEN CIANJUR TANGGAL 28 MARET 2018

Landslides often occur in Indonesia, including in Puncak which is a tourist area. A landslide disaster occurred at Puncak Pass, Cipanas Sub-district, Cianjur District, West Java on Wednesday, March 28, 2018 at around 08.00 PM. Typology of landslides that occur is a debris slide consisting of debris materials such as soil, rocks and large trees, and form a basin such as the shape of a horseshoe on the former landslide. Landslide occurred on the slope of the road and destroyed the hotel building, the park behind the hotel and pine forest. Many factors that influence the occurrence of landslide in Puncak Pass, from the analysis there are three main factors causing the landslide: the topography of the landslide is very steep, the occurrence of heavy rain for several consecutive days before the occurrence of landslides, and the slope which always disrupted the transport load of vehicles on it. Arrangement of landslide areas is very important to re-arrange the sustainable condition of the area against similar landslide disaster in the future. These arrangements are: handling of landslides during emergency response, determining the location of new road development, water and drainage management, cliff strengthening, land management, potentially affected settlements, and landslide disaster management. Keywords: Landslide, Puncak Pass, debris slide, sustainable safe area arrangemen

NADPH oxidase, NOX1, mediates vascular injury in ischemic retinopathy

<b>Aims:</b> Ischemic retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity are major causes of blindness due to damage to the retinal microvasculature. Despite this clinical situation, retinopathy of prematurity is mechanistically poorly understood. Therefore, effective preventative therapies are not available. However, hypoxic-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to be involved with NADPH oxidases (NOX), the only known dedicated enzymatic source of ROS. Our major aim was to determine the contribution of NOX isoforms (1, 2, and 4) to a rodent model of retinopathy of prematurity. <b>Results:</b> Using a genetic approach, we determined that only mice with a deletion of NOX1, but not NOX2 or NOX4, were protected from retinal neovascularization and vaso-obliteration, adhesion of leukocytes, microglial accumulation, and the increased generation of proangiogenic and proinflammatory factors and ROS. We complemented these studies by showing that the specific NOX inhibitor, GKT137831, reduced vasculopathy and ROS levels in retina. The source of NOX isoforms was evaluated in retinal vascular cells and neuro-glial elements. Microglia, the immune cells of the retina, expressed NOX1, 2, and 4 and responded to hypoxia with increased ROS formation, which was reduced by GKT137831. <b>Innovation:</b> Our studies are the first to identify the NOX1 isoform as having an important role in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings suggest that strategies targeting NOX1 have the potential to be effective treatments for a range of ischemic retinopathie

Effect of NADPH oxidase 1 and 4 blockade in activated human retinal endothelial cells

© 2018 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists. This author accepted manuscript is made available following 12 month embargo from date of publication (January 2018) in accordance with the publisher's archiving policy.Background Over‐production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting oxidative stress contribute to retinal damage in vascular diseases that include diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and major retinal vessel occlusions. NADPH oxidase (Nox) proteins are professional ROS‐generating enzymes, and therapeutic targeting in these diseases has strong appeal. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox4 reduces the severity of experimental retinal vasculopathy. We investigated the potential application of this drug approach in humans. Methods Differential Nox enzyme expression was studied by real‐time‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction in primary human retinal endothelial cell isolates and a characterized human retinal endothelial cell line. Oxidative stress was triggered chemically in endothelial cells, by treatment with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG; 100 μM); Nox4 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) transcript were measured; and production of ROS was detected by 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein. DMOG‐stimulated endothelial cells were treated with two Nox1/Nox4 inhibitors, GKT136901 and GKT137831; cell growth was monitored by DNA quantification, in addition to VEGFA transcript and ROS production. Results Nox4 (isoform Nox4A) was the predominant Nox enzyme expressed by human retinal endothelial cells. Treatment with DMOG significantly increased endothelial cell expression of Nox4 over 72 h, accompanied by ROS production and increased VEGFA expression. Treatment with GKT136901 or GKT137831 significantly reduced DMOG‐induced ROS production and VEGFA expression by endothelial cells, and the inhibitory effect of DMOG on cell growth. Conclusions Our findings in experiments on activated human retinal endothelial cells provide translational corroboration of studies in experimental models of retinal vasculopathy and support the therapeutic application of Nox4 inhibition by GKT136901 and GKT137831 in patients with retinal vascular diseases

Signalling mechanisms mediating Zn2+-induced TRPM2 channel activation and death cell in microglial cells

Excessive Zn2+ causes brain damage via promoting ROS generation. Here we investigated the role of ROS-sensitive TRPM2 channel in H2O2/Zn2+-induced Ca2+ signalling and cell death in microglial cells. H2O2/Zn2+ induced concentration-dependent increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was inhibited by PJ34, a PARP inhibitor, and abolished by TRPM2 knockout (TRPM2-KO). Pathological concentrations of H2O2/Zn2+ induced substantial cell death that was inhibited by PJ34 and DPQ, PARP inhibitors, 2-APB, a TRPM2 channel inhibitor, and prevented by TRPM2-KO. Further analysis indicate that Zn2+ induced ROS production, PARP-1 stimulation, increase in the [Ca2+]c and cell death, which were suppressed by chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, DPI, a NADPH-dependent oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, GKT137831, a NOX1/4 inhibitor, and Phox-I2, a NOX2 inhibitor. Furthermore, Zn2+-induced PARP-1 stimulation, increase in the [Ca2+]c and cell death were inhibited by PF431396, a Ca2+-sensitive PYK2 inhibitor, and U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor. Taken together, our study shows PKC/NOX-mediated ROS generation and PARP-1 activation as an important mechanism in Zn2+-induced TRPM2 channel activation and, TRPM2-mediated increase in the [Ca2+]c to trigger the PYK2/MEK/ERK signalling pathway as a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the TRPM2 channel activation. Activation of these TRPM2-depenent signalling mechanisms ultimately drives Zn2+-induced Ca2+ overloading and cell death