Les enjeux de la régulation professionnelle dans un secteur de services aux personnes : le cas de la téléphonie sanitaire et sociale

Cette communication étudie justement la mise en place d'une régulation de branche dans un secteur en émergence de ces services : la téléphonie sanitaire et sociale. Le texte soutient l'idée que l'on assiste dans ce secteur à un découplage possible des responsabilités entre les responsables des entreprises et les responsables de la profession. Les premiers assurant les responsabilités de quantité de production et de prix et les seconds celles relatives aux qualités des services fournis. L'analyse des enjeux de la régulation professionnelle dans ce secteur nous amènera à dépasser ce premier canevas d'analyse pour nous intéresser aux caractéristiques inhabituelles des acteurs de la négociation collective et aux modalités de leur constitution. Nous commencerons par présenter la méthodologie de la recherche, avant d'éclairer l'histoire récente de l'action publique dans ce secteur, pour ensuite nous interroger sur les effets induits par l'affaiblissement des acteurs représentants les salariés.téléphonie ; services ; régulation, relations professionnelles ; action sanitaire

Degeneracy and long-range correlations

Degeneracy is a ubiquitous property of complex adaptive systems, which refers to the ability of structurally different components to perform the same function in some conditions and different functions in other conditions. Here, we suppose a causal link between the level of degeneracy in the system and the strength of long-range correlations in its behavior. In a numerical experiment, we manipulated degeneracy through the number of networks available in a model composed of a chain of correlated networks over which a series of random jumps are performed. Results showed that correlations in the outcome series increased with the number of available networks, and that a minimal threshold of degeneracy was required to generate long-range correlations. We conclude that degeneracy could underlie the presence of long-range correlations in the outcome series produced by complex systems. In turn, we suggest that quantifying long-range correlations could allow to assess the level of degeneracy of the system. Degeneracy affords a maybe more intuitive way than former hypotheses for understanding the effects of complexity on essential properties such as robustness and adaptability

Complexity, Coordination, and Health: Avoiding Pitfalls and Erroneous Interpretations in Fractal Analyses

Background and Objective. The analysis of fractal fluctuation has become very popular because of the close relationships between health, adaptability, and long-range correlations. 1/f noise is considered a “magical” threshold, characterizing optimal functioning, and a decrease or conversely and increase of serial correlations, with respect to 1/f noise, is supposed to sign a kind of disadaptation of the system. Empirical results, however, should be interpreted with caution. In experimental series, serial correlations often present a complex pattern, resulting from the combination of long-range and short-term correlated processes. We show, in the present paper, that an increase in serial correlations cannot be directly interpreted as an increase in long-range correlations. Material and Methods. Eleven participants performed four walking bouts following 4 individually determined velocities (slow, comfortable, high, and critical). Series of 512 stride intervals were collected under each condition. The strength of serial correlation was measured by the detrended fluctuation analysis. The effective presence of 1/f fluctuation was tested through ARFIMA modeling. Results. The strength of serial correlations tended to increase with walking velocity. However, the ARFIMA modeling showed that long-range correlations were significantly present only at slow and comfortable velocities. Conclusions. The strength of correlations, as measured by classical methods, cannot be considered as predictive of the genuine presence of long-range correlations. Sometimes systems can present the moderate levels of effective long-range correlations, whereas in others cases, series can present high correlation levels without being long-range correlated

Relative Roughness: An Index for Testing the Suitability of the Monofractal Model

Fractal analyses have become very popular and have been applied on a wide variety of empirical time series. The application of these methods supposes that the monofractal framework can offer a suitable model for the analyzed series. However, this model takes into account a quite specific kind of fluctuations, and we consider that fractal analyses have been often applied to series that were completely outside of its relevance. The problem is that fractal methods can be applied to all types of series, and they always give a result, that one can then erroneously interpret in the context of the monofractal framework. We propose in this paper an easily computable index, the relative roughness (RR), defined as the ratio between local and global variances, that allows to test for the applicability of fractal analyses. We show that RR is confined within a limited range (between 1.21 and 0.12, approximately) for long-range correlated series. We propose some examples of empirical series that have been recently analyzed using fractal methods, but, with respect to their RR, should not have been considered in the monofractal model. An acceptable level of RR, however, is a necessary but not sufficient condition for considering series as long-range correlated. Specific methods should be used in complement for testing for the effective presence of long-range correlations in empirical series

Inter-limb coordination in swimming: Effect of speed and skill level

International audienc

Persistent fluctuations in stride intervals under fractal auditory stimulation

Copyright @ 2014 Marmelat et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Stride sequences of healthy gait are characterized by persistent long-range correlations, which become anti-persistent in the presence of an isochronous metronome. The latter phenomenon is of particular interest because auditory cueing is generally considered to reduce stride variability and may hence be beneficial for stabilizing gait. Complex systems tend to match their correlation structure when synchronizing. In gait training, can one capitalize on this tendency by using a fractal metronome rather than an isochronous one? We examined whether auditory cues with fractal variations in inter-beat intervals yield similar fractal inter-stride interval variability as isochronous auditory cueing in two complementary experiments. In Experiment 1, participants walked on a treadmill while being paced by either an isochronous or a fractal metronome with different variation strengths between beats in order to test whether participants managed to synchronize with a fractal metronome and to determine the necessary amount of variability for participants to switch from anti-persistent to persistent inter-stride intervals. Participants did synchronize with the metronome despite its fractal randomness. The corresponding coefficient of variation of inter-beat intervals was fixed in Experiment 2, in which participants walked on a treadmill while being paced by non-isochronous metronomes with different scaling exponents. As expected, inter-stride intervals showed persistent correlations similar to self-paced walking only when cueing contained persistent correlations. Our results open up a new window to optimize rhythmic auditory cueing for gait stabilization by integrating fractal fluctuations in the inter-beat intervals.Commission of the European Community and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research

Motards, capital spatial et construction identitaire hétérotopique : récits et pérégrinations des motards rennais

Les motards de l’agglomération rennaise ont été interrogés sur leurs déplacements et leurs motivations. Leurs réponses ont été analysées dans leur dimension qualitative: elles constituent un discours cohérent dans lequel une identité motarde spécifique est revendiquée. Une étude quantitative des réponses montre en revanche que les déplacements des motards sont contraints par leur âge, leurs revenus, leur niveau social. Ils ne sont, à ce titre aucunement différents du reste de la population. L’écart entre le discours tenu et la pratique mesurée est ensuite interprété en terme de construction d’un capital spatial explicable avec le concept foucaldien d’hétérotopie.In the vicinity of Rennes larger city, bikers have been asked to explain their moves and motivations. The qualitative part of their answers displays a well constructed address aimed at showing a strong peculiar identity. However, a quantitative approach of their movements shows that most of their travels are controlled by the same economic and social forcings as in any other group of people. The gap between the displayed speech and the actual behaviour is interpreted as the building of a specific spatial capital, which has close links with the type of space Foucault names “hétérotopie”

Behavioural repertoire influences the rate and nature of learning in climbing: Implications for individualised learning design in preparation for extreme sports participation

Extreme climbing where participants perform while knowing that a simple mistake could result in death requires a skill set normally acquired in non-extreme environments. In the ecological dynamics approaches to perception and action, skill acquisition involves a process where existing repertoire of a learner are destabilized and re-organized through practice. This has been observed in bi-manual coordination and postural regulation tasks, where individuals begin practice using one mode of coordination before transitioning to another more effective movement pattern during practice. However, individuals may also improve through practice without qualitatively reorganizing movement system components (they do not find a new movement pattern). To explain these individual differences (presence/absence of the discovery of new actions) during learning, a key candidate is the existing coordination repertoire present prior to learning under a new set of constraints. In this study, the learning dynamics of body configuration patterns organized with respect to an indoor climbing surface were observed and an existing repertoire of coordination evaluated. Specifically, performance outcomes and movement patterns of eight individuals, identified as being in the Coordination stage of learning were observed across 42 trials of practice over a seven-week period. A pre-, post-test scanning procedure was used to determine existing patterns of movement coordination and the emergence of new movement patterns after the practice period. Different learning dynamics were identified at the individual level of analysis by examining trial-to-trial performance in terms of jerk (an indicator of climbing fluency). The different learning dynamics included: continuous-, sudden-, and no-improvement (or more precisely very slow-improvement). Individuals showing sudden-improvement appeared to acquire a new movement pattern of coordination, whereas those showing continuous-improvement did not (they simply improved performance). The individual who did not improve in terms of jerk, improved in-terms of distance climbed. The findings have implications for determining and predicting how individual differences can shape learning dynamics and interact with learning design to prepare individuals to perform under constraints that promote exploration of limits of system degeneracy

Long-Range Correlation in Synchronization and Syncopation Tapping: A Linear Phase Correction Model

We propose in this paper a model for accounting for the increase in long-range correlations observed in asynchrony series in syncopation tapping, as compared with synchronization tapping. Our model is an extension of the linear phase correction model for synchronization tapping. We suppose that the timekeeper represents a fractal source in the system, and that a process of estimation of the half-period of the metronome, obeying a random-walk dynamics, combines with the linear phase correction process. Comparing experimental and simulated series, we show that our model allows accounting for the experimentally observed pattern of serial dependence. This model complete previous modeling solutions proposed for self-paced and synchronization tapping, for a unifying framework of event-based timing

Transition from Persistent to Anti-Persistent Correlations in Postural Sway Indicates Velocity-Based Control

The displacement of the center-of-pressure (COP) during quiet stance has often been accounted for by the control of COP position dynamics. In this paper, we discuss the conclusions drawn from previous analyses of COP dynamics using fractal-related methods. On the basis of some methodological clarification and the analysis of experimental data using stabilogram diffusion analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis, and an improved version of spectral analysis, we show that COP velocity is typically bounded between upper and lower limits. We argue that the hypothesis of an intermittent velocity-based control of posture is more relevant than position-based control. A simple model for COP velocity dynamics, based on a bounded correlated random walk, reproduces the main statistical signatures evidenced in the experimental series. The implications of these results are discussed