Integration and Divergence of Patent Systems across National and International Institutions

Based on a framework grounded in the institution-based view, this paper addresses the extent of global patent system integration and development. Our findings suggest that nations’ patent systems have yet ‘met’ the ‘international standards’, despite national and international endeavor toward this goal. The impact of international institutions on national institutions is reflected in the process rather than the outcome. Among the three components of patent systems across 88 nations, conformity is the strongest for ‘patent mechanism\u27, operations is the most diverse for ‘patent administration’ and ‘patent enforcement’ does not form a cross-nation divide due to most nations being moderate enforcers

Pengaruh Brand Endorser Jkt48 Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Honda Beat Pada Pt.bintang Kharisma Jaya Di Bandar Lampung

The rapid developing era made the competition level at industry world. It forced the producers to do convinient marketing strategies to reach company goal and high product sale in market share. This aim of this study used was to measure how big the effct of brand endoser on purchase decision of Honda Beat motorcyle at PT. Bintang Kharisma in Bandar Lampung. The method used was quantitative. The number of sampe was 100 respondents. The sample taking used was non probability sampling through purposive sampling techniques. The data collecting technique used was questionnaire. The data analysis technique used was simple linear regression. The research result showed that Brand Endorser significantly influenced Purchase Decision of Honda Beat at PT. Bintang Kharisma Jaya in Bandar Lampun

GOVERNMENT POLICY OF THE CITY OF BANJARMASIN ON REDUCING THE USE OF PLASTIC BAGS (A CASE STUDY OF A GOVERNMENT POLICY OF THE CITY OF BANJARMASIN)

This study aims to determine the implementation of Banjarmasin city government policies in reducing the use of plastic bags in traditional markets in the city of Banjarmasin. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method. As a key informant,  the Head of the Sanitation and Waste Management Office of the Banjarmasin City Environmental Service has been interviewed to collect data. To complete the data, we also interviewed both sellers and buyers in the markets of Pandu and TelukDalam Banjarmasin City. The results showed that the city government had implemented the policy through a socialization program in communication and transmission. The socialization program has been implemented in almost all the markets owned by the Banjarmasin city of government. Through the socialization program, we were found that the implementation of the policy was clear and consistent. The  Banjarmasin City Environmental Service apparatus is the human resource involved in implementing the policy. The other resources came from the Banjarmasin City Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget in budget sources. In terms of disposition, policy implementers are committed to carrying out their duties properly and democratically.  The existence of Standard Operating Procedures has guided the policy implementation in terms of bureaucratic structure. However, implementation constraints still exist, such as public response,  including the general understanding of the policy's benefits to reduce the use of plastic bags

Marks and Brands: Conceptual, Operational and Methodological Comparisons

People tend to use brands and marks interchangeably due to their similarities. However, they are often nonsubstitutable to each other. This paper systematically examines the similarities and differences of these two terms in conceptual, operational and methodological manners taking account of history and international dimensions. Such clarification is important given the increasing significance of marks and brands for all stakeholders (rather than consumers only). The paper starts with the definitional understanding about the two terms. It then focuses on the history of these two terms to reveal how their evolvement has been. Next, it discusses their similarities and differences, including the concepts, operations and measurements. The paper concludes with the implications of these clarifications for research and education, and for relevant stakeholders, such as managers, policy makers and consumers

Cryptocapsinepoxide-type Carotenoids from Red Mamey, Pouteria sapota

Three new carotenoids, cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide, 3ʹ-deoxycapsanthin-5,6-epoxide, and cryptocapsin-5,8-epoxides, have been isolated from the ripe fruits of red mamey (Pouteria sapota). Cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide was prepared by partial synthesis via epoxidation of cryptocapsin and the (5R,6S)- and (5S,6R)-stereoisomers were identified by HPLC-ECD analysis. Spectroscopic data of the natural (anti) and semisynthetic (syn) derivatives obtained by acid-catalyzed rearrangement of cryptocapsin-5,8-epoxide stereoisomers were compared for structural elucidation. Chiral HPLC separation of natural and semisynthetic samples of cryptocapsin-5,8-epoxides was performed and HPLC-ECD analysis allowed configurational assignment of the separated stereoisomers

A Noncooperative Power Control Game in Multiple-Access Fading Channels with QoS Constraints

In this paper, a game-theoretic analysis for the resource allocation policies in fading multiple-access channels (MAC) in the presence of quality of service (QoS) constraints is performed. Effective capacity, which provides the maximum constant arrival rate, or throughput, that a given service process can support while satisfying statistical delay constraints, is considered in a multiuser scenario. We assume that the channel side information (CSI) is available at both the receiver and transmitters, and the transmitters are selfish, rational with certain QoS constraints and average power limitations. Without the aid of the receiver, we prove that there is always a unique admissible Nash equilibrium of the noncooperative power control game. The Nash equilibrium of the power control game is proved to be always inside the rate region where successive decoding techniques are used at the receiver

A Noncooperative Power Control Game in Multiple-Access Fading Channels with QoS Constraints

In this paper, a game-theoretic analysis for the resource allocation policies in fading multiple-access channels (MAC) in the presence of quality of service (QoS) constraints is performed. Effective capacity, which provides the maximum constant arrival rate, or throughput, that a given service process can support while satisfying statistical delay constraints, is considered in a multiuser scenario. We assume that the channel side information (CSI) is available at both the receiver and transmitters, and the transmitters are selfish, rational with certain QoS constraints and average power limitations. Without the aid of the receiver, we prove that there is always a unique admissible Nash equilibrium of the noncooperative power control game. The Nash equilibrium of the power control game is proved to be always inside the rate region where successive decoding techniques are used at the receiver