50 research outputs found
Ăcriture et transmission des savoirs de lâAntiquitĂ© Ă nos jours
Pendant longtemps, la transmission des savoirs sâest faite directement, du maĂźtre Ă lâĂ©lĂšve, de lâartisan Ă lâapprenti, par un enseignement oral que venait complĂ©ter la dĂ©monstration des gestes de la pratique. Lâapparition de lâĂ©criture, et plus encore la diffusion de la literacy ont fait que des mĂ©thodes de transmission indirectes ont pu se faire jour et que lâacquisition dâun savoir, quel quâil soit, a pu se faire sans contact immĂ©diat avec le dĂ©tenteur de ce savoir, mais par le truchement dâun livre ou dâune autre forme dâĂ©crit. Il sâest ensuivi une capacitĂ© de diffusion des savoirs quasiment illimitĂ©e, des plus techniques et spĂ©cialisĂ©s aux plus abstraits et gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. Câest cette explosion de la transmission des savoirs que les vingt auteurs des contributions ici rĂ©unies ont cherchĂ© Ă explorer en mettant en lumiĂšre diffĂ©rentes facettes, Ă travers une sĂ©rie dâexemples, allant de lâAntiquitĂ© Ă lâĂ©poque contemporaine. Le CongrĂšs national des sociĂ©tĂ©s historiques et scientifiques rassemble chaque annĂ©e universitaires, membres de sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes et jeunes chercheurs. Ce recueil est issu de travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s lors du 143e CongrĂšs sur le thĂšme « La transmission des savoirs »
Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs
Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population
How to facilitate the identification of the entomofauna ? : Construction, evaluation and improvement of digital identification keys
Les clĂ©s dâidentification numĂ©riques reprĂ©sentent des outils efficaces pour identifier les ĂȘtres vivants, et sont Ă©galement utilisĂ©es dans le cadre de programmes de sciences participatives. Accessible en ligne, la plateforme Xper3 permet de crĂ©er des bases de donnĂ©es de biodiversitĂ© et de gĂ©nĂ©rer des clĂ©s dâidentification interactives. Ce travail de thĂšse a testĂ© diverses approches dans lâobjectif de faciliter lâidentification de lâentomofaune de France, en particulier de groupes dâinsectes vivant dans des milieux menacĂ©s, ou ayant une importance Ă©cologique et patrimoniale notable : les coccinelles et quatre ordres dâinsectes aquatiques (odonates, Ă©phĂ©mĂšres, plĂ©coptĂšres et colĂ©optĂšres), aux stades larvaires et adultes. Nous avons crĂ©Ă© pour ces groupes sept clĂ©s dâidentification numĂ©riques fiables, intuitives et accessibles Ă tous les publics, disponibles Ă lâadresse web suivante : infosyslab.fr/?q=fr/node/113. GrĂące au systĂšme Xperience permettant dâenregistrer le dĂ©tail des identifications rĂ©alisĂ©es par les utilisateurs des clĂ©s Xper3, nous avons testĂ© lâutilisation de notre clĂ© des larves dâodonates et celle de la clĂ© ââInsectesââ du programme de sciences participatives Spipoll sur les insectes pollinisateurs. Nous avons ainsi pu mieux comprendre comment ces clĂ©s numĂ©riques sont utilisĂ©es et quels problĂšmes sont rencontrĂ©s par leurs utilisateurs. Des pistes dâamĂ©lioration ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es pour rendre les clĂ©s dâidentification plus efficaces et faciles Ă prendre en main. Le travail rĂ©alisĂ© dans cette thĂšse a Ă©galement montrĂ© que la prĂ©cision des clĂ©s dâidentification augmente avec lâintĂ©gration de critĂšres Ă©cologiques en sus des caractĂšres morpho-anatomiques. Cet ajout est particuliĂšrement pertinent pour les jeunes larves dâinsectes aquatiques, qui peuvent ne pas ĂȘtre identifiables Ă lâespĂšce avec les donnĂ©es morpho-anatomiques seules.Digital identification keys are effective tools for identifying plants and animals, and are also used in citizen science programs. Accessible online, the Xper3 platform makes it possible to create biodiversity databases and to generate interactive identification keys.We investigated various approaches in order to facilitate the identification of French entomofauna, especially some insect taxa living in endangered environments, or having ecological and heritage significance: ladybirds and three orders of aquatic insects (dragonflies and damselflies, mayflies, stoneflies and beetles), at the larval and adult stages. For all these groups, we created seven digital identification keys that are reliable, intuitive and accessible to everybody, available online at the following address: infosyslab.fr/?q=fr/node/113. Thanks to the Xperience system that can to record details of the identifications made by the Xper3 key users, we surveyed the use of our key for odonate larvae and the ââInsectsââ key of the citizen science program on pollination Spipoll. We were able to better understand how these digital keys are used and what problems are encountered by their users. Areas for improvement were proposed to make identification keys more effective and easier to use. Our work also showed that the precision of digital identification keys increases when ecological data are integrated alongside morpho-anatomical characters. This addition is particularly relevant for young aquatic insect larvae, for which the identification at the species level can be impossible with morpho-anatomical data alone
Comment faciliter l'identification de l'entomofaune ? : Construction, évaluation et amélioration de clés d'identification numériques
Digital identification keys are effective tools for identifying plants and animals, and are also used in citizen science programs. Accessible online, the Xper3 platform makes it possible to create biodiversity databases and to generate interactive identification keys.We investigated various approaches in order to facilitate the identification of French entomofauna, especially some insect taxa living in endangered environments, or having ecological and heritage significance: ladybirds and three orders of aquatic insects (dragonflies and damselflies, mayflies, stoneflies and beetles), at the larval and adult stages. For all these groups, we created seven digital identification keys that are reliable, intuitive and accessible to everybody, available online at the following address: infosyslab.fr/?q=fr/node/113. Thanks to the Xperience system that can to record details of the identifications made by the Xper3 key users, we surveyed the use of our key for odonate larvae and the ââInsectsââ key of the citizen science program on pollination Spipoll. We were able to better understand how these digital keys are used and what problems are encountered by their users. Areas for improvement were proposed to make identification keys more effective and easier to use. Our work also showed that the precision of digital identification keys increases when ecological data are integrated alongside morpho-anatomical characters. This addition is particularly relevant for young aquatic insect larvae, for which the identification at the species level can be impossible with morpho-anatomical data alone.Les clĂ©s dâidentification numĂ©riques reprĂ©sentent des outils efficaces pour identifier les ĂȘtres vivants, et sont Ă©galement utilisĂ©es dans le cadre de programmes de sciences participatives. Accessible en ligne, la plateforme Xper3 permet de crĂ©er des bases de donnĂ©es de biodiversitĂ© et de gĂ©nĂ©rer des clĂ©s dâidentification interactives. Ce travail de thĂšse a testĂ© diverses approches dans lâobjectif de faciliter lâidentification de lâentomofaune de France, en particulier de groupes dâinsectes vivant dans des milieux menacĂ©s, ou ayant une importance Ă©cologique et patrimoniale notable : les coccinelles et quatre ordres dâinsectes aquatiques (odonates, Ă©phĂ©mĂšres, plĂ©coptĂšres et colĂ©optĂšres), aux stades larvaires et adultes. Nous avons crĂ©Ă© pour ces groupes sept clĂ©s dâidentification numĂ©riques fiables, intuitives et accessibles Ă tous les publics, disponibles Ă lâadresse web suivante : infosyslab.fr/?q=fr/node/113. GrĂące au systĂšme Xperience permettant dâenregistrer le dĂ©tail des identifications rĂ©alisĂ©es par les utilisateurs des clĂ©s Xper3, nous avons testĂ© lâutilisation de notre clĂ© des larves dâodonates et celle de la clĂ© ââInsectesââ du programme de sciences participatives Spipoll sur les insectes pollinisateurs. Nous avons ainsi pu mieux comprendre comment ces clĂ©s numĂ©riques sont utilisĂ©es et quels problĂšmes sont rencontrĂ©s par leurs utilisateurs. Des pistes dâamĂ©lioration ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es pour rendre les clĂ©s dâidentification plus efficaces et faciles Ă prendre en main. Le travail rĂ©alisĂ© dans cette thĂšse a Ă©galement montrĂ© que la prĂ©cision des clĂ©s dâidentification augmente avec lâintĂ©gration de critĂšres Ă©cologiques en sus des caractĂšres morpho-anatomiques. Cet ajout est particuliĂšrement pertinent pour les jeunes larves dâinsectes aquatiques, qui peuvent ne pas ĂȘtre identifiables Ă lâespĂšce avec les donnĂ©es morpho-anatomiques seules
Haie composite: DĂ©finition
National audienceA composite hedge is a linear agroecological infrastructure, made up of several vegetation strata, associating different species, compatible with each other. The complementarity of these species (where the characteristic âcompositeâ comes from) allows the hedge to provide varied ecosystem services for a long period of the year...Une haie composite est une infrastructure agroĂ©cologique linĂ©aire, formĂ©e de plusieurs strates de vĂ©gĂ©tations, associant diffĂ©rentes espĂšces compatibles entre-elles. La complĂ©mentaritĂ© de ces derniĂšres (Ă lâorigine du caractĂšre « composite » de la haie) permet Ă celle-ci de fournir des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques diversifiĂ©s, sur une longue pĂ©riode de lâannĂ©e...
A multi-access identification key based on colour patterns in ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
An identification key based on French ladybird colouration is proposed for the tribes Chilocorini, Coccinellini, and Epilachnini. These tribes were chosen based on their relatively limited species diversity, as well as their large size and high colour diversity, making them easy to observe and collect. The identification key runs on Xper3 software, which allows the building of structured knowledge bases and online free-access keys. The online interactive Xper key is available at http://french-ladybird.identificationkey.fr
A multi-access identification key based on colour patterns in ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Volume: 758Start Page: 55End Page: 7
Assessing Global DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Plasticity in Seven Highly Inbred Lines of Snapdragon Plants (Antirrhinum majus)
International audienceGenetic and epigenetic variations are commonly known to underlie phenotypic plastic responses to environmental cues. however, the role of epigenetic variation in plastic responses harboring ecological significance in nature remains to be assessed. The shade avoidance response (SAR) of plants is one of the most prevalent examples of phenotypic plasticity. It is a phenotypic syndrome including stem elongation and multiple other traits. Its ecological significance is widely acknowledged, and it can be adaptive in the presence of competition for light. Underlying genes and pathways were identified, but evidence for its epigenetic basis remains scarce. We used a proven and accessible approach at the population level and compared global DNA methylation between plants exposed to regular light and three different magnitudes of shade in seven highlyinbred lines of snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) grown in a greenhouse. Our results brought evidence of a strong SAR syndrome for which magnitude did not vary between lines. They also brought evidence that its magnitude was not associated with the global DNA methylation percentage for five of the six traits under study. The magnitude of stem elongation was significantly associated with global DNA demethylation. We discuss the limits of this approach and why caution must be taken with such results. In-depth approaches at the DNA sequence level will be necessary to better understand the molecular basis of the SAR syndrom
Investigating Biological Control Agents for Controlling Invasive Populations of the Mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki in France
WOS: 000378865200032PubMed ID: 27362639Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug species native to Eastern Asia and present as an invasive pest in northern Italy and southern France since the start of the century. It infests apple and pear trees, grapevines and some ornamental trees. Biocontrol programmes against this pest proved successful in central Asia and North America in the second half of the 20th century. In this study, we investigated possible bio-control agents against P. comstocki, with the aim of developing a biocontrol programme in France. We carried out systematic DNA-barcoding at each step in the search for a specialist parasitoid. First we characterised the French target populations of P. comstocki. We then identified the parasitoids attacking P. comstocki in France. Finally, we searched for foreign mealybug populations identified a priori as P. comstocki and surveyed their hymenopteran parasitoids. Three mealybug species (P. comstocki, P. viburni and P. cryptus) were identified during the survey, together with at least 16 different parasitoid taxa. We selected candidate biological control agent populations for use against P. comstocki in France, from the species Allotropa burrelli (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Acerophagus malinus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The coupling of molecular and morphological characterisation for both pests and natural enemies facilitated the programme development and the rejection of unsuitable or generalist parasitoids.French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche"French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-10-JCJC-1708 BICORAMICS]; EUEuropean Union (EU) [324475 COLBICS, 265865 PURE]; Turkey-France Cooperation grant CNRS-TUBITAK; INRA Plant Health and Environment DivisionInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)This work was funded by the French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (grant ANR-10-JCJC-1708 BICORAMICS), by the EU Seventh Framework Programme (grants Marie-Curie IAPP #324475 COLBICS and KBBE #265865 PURE), by a Turkey-France Cooperation grant CNRS-TUBITAK, and by the INRA Plant Health and Environment Division. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript