Cryptage et décryptage : communiquer en toute sécurité

International audienceLa sécurisation de nos cartes bleues, ainsi que d'autres procédés de cryptages utilisés couramment, se basent sur l'impossibilité, en pratique, de factoriser de très grands nombres. Ce type de cryptage pourrait cependant être détrôné par d'autres méthodes, sa fiabilité étant sans cesse remise en cause par les progrès de l'informatique

Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Jet on Thermal Stability and Physical Structure of Type I Collagen

This work is devoted to the characterization of type I collagen treated by a low-temperature plasma jet generated in ambient air to determine whether the resulting fibrous material is structurally preserved or reinforced. The physical structure of collagen is checked by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which is a well suited technique to analyze thermal transitions in proteins, such as denaturation. DSC is used to evaluate the thermal stability of collagen after the plasma treatments while Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy is used to check the integrity of triple helical domain and to investigate the effects of plasma treatments on the functional groups of collagen. It is more particularly shown that the plasma treatment can stabilize the collagen structure without altering the triple helical structure. This observation is supported by 1) the shift observed toward high-temperature range of the collagen denaturation and 2) the stiffening of the chains by a cross-linking action when compared to the control sample

España y Francia en la Primera Guerra Mundial

Resumen: En el marco de la segunda gran fase -denominada euroafricana, de la relación hispano-francesa desde la caída de Napoleón I- situada en la Primera Guerra Mundial, no cambiaron sustancialmente sus fundamentos desde los años anteriores, es decir desde los acuerdos coloniales de 1900-1904. El conflicto transformó ciertos elementos relativamente secundarios como la caída de la deuda exterior española en manos francesas o la presencia económica francesa al sur de los Pirineos, en el marco de una debilitación general de Francia. Las grandes cuestiones fronterizas, migratorias, comerciales y africanas de antes de guerra permanecieron intactas entre los dos países. La Segunda Guerra Mundial tampoco cambiará las bases principales de esta relación tan antigua como amplia. Habrá que esperar la descolonización de los años cincuenta-sesenta para observar una evolución notable que llegará hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: relaciones hispano-francesas, Primera Guerra Mundial, neutralidad, relaciones internacionales. Abstract: As part of the second great stage of the French-Spanish relationship since the fall of Napoleon, called Eurafrican, the WW1 – considered like European by the Spaniards – don’t change the foundations established by the colonial agreements of 1900-1904. These Great War only transformed components relatively secondaries, like the lost by the French bondholders of a very large part of the external Spanish debt or the decline of the French activities in the Spanish economic world who can be considered like a small part of the general decadence of France after the terrible suffered War. The great deals were intacted, in the matters of borders, migrations, trade and in Africa. The two countries, the belligerent and the neutral, resolved with difficulties these contentious in the twenties. No more, the WW2 will change these relationship until the decolonization in the fifties-sixties of the last century. Keywords: international relations, First World War, neutrality, Spanish-French relation

How the French Are Looking at the Civil War

Como muestra el asunto hoy vigente —pero relativamente discreto— de la venta del edificio que abrigó el antiguo taller parisino donde Picasso hizo su Guernica (1937), la Guerra Civil española sigue siendo en Francia una referencia mayor de la historia contempóranea. Al ritmo de las conmemoraciones decenales de su estallido (1996/2006), se ha desarrollado una verdadera marea memorial nutrida tanto por la apertura de archivos escritos y audiovisuales como por la desinhibición de los nietos de exiliados condicionados durante tanto tiempo por la historia de la derrota de sus padres y abuelos. Animan el debate las tribulaciones de la vida política española actual, entre neofranquismo, republicanismo y nacionalismos centralistas y/o regionales. Por haber sido la unica vía de salida, Francia —metropolis y África del norte— se vio más involucrada que cualquier otro país al recibir la aplastante mayoría de los exiliados. Aunque los verdaderos especialistas en dicha guerra son poco numerosos, todo un mundillo se ha otorgado el derecho y la capacidad de escribir sobre ella como descendientes de exiliados o activistas políticos, sobre todo en el sur de Francia. Todos los medios se ven afectados: desde la literatura estrictamente histórica al internet. De las obras eruditas, de vulgarización —también para la juventud— a las memorias arrancadas al olvido; de las actas de los coloquios a los tebeos; de los álbumes fotográficos a los documentales (siempre pro republicanos). Al tiempo toda la producción histórica generalista o militar junta a los partidarios de una visión anticomunista, neutralista o manifestamente pro franquista. La Guerra Civil española, que había encontrado una Francia dividida, la reencuentra de nuevo como tal a pesar de todos los intentos de mediación científica.As currently demonstrated by the relatively low-key affair that is the sale of the private Parisian home in which Picasso painted Guernica in 1937, the Spanish Civil War remains, both culturally and politically, a major point of reference in France’s contemporary history. A distinct set of commemorations was included in the decennial celebrations of 1996 and 2006, fuelled by the opening up of multiple written and visual archives as well as by the behaviour of the grandchildren of exiles, long-conditioned by the history of their parents and grandparents. Debate has been further fuelled by the ebb and flow of politics south of the Pyrenees and the subsequent rivalry between the tenets of neo-Francoism and republicanism. as well as the debate between regionalists/nationalists and centralists. France (mainland and North Africa) is far more concerned with the Spanish Civil War than other countries as it housed a substantially higher number of exiles. That said, true French specialists on the Spanish Civil War are a rarity - although everyone seems to have something to say in his/her capacity as a descendant of an exile or political activist, especially in the Midi region. All forms of media seem affected by this wave of attention, from historical literature to the Internet; from scholarly works to popular books also aimed at youth-, stemming from torn memories; from conference proceedings to graphic novels, photo albums and documentaries (always pro-republican). At the same time however, general or military historical works evidence the continuous support of a rather anti-communist view. France was divided by the Spanish Civil War and remains so today, despite all attempts at scientific mediation