Centre d’études byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes

Georges Drettas, chargé de recherche au CNRS Dans le prolongement de la réflexion commencée l’année précédente, nous avons examiné les ensembles dialectaux de notre zone. L’introduction méthodologique a eu pour objet de faire le point sur la place de la dialectologie dans la linguistique moderne. L’examen s’est focalisé sur l’origine et le développement de certaines représentations des faits linguistiques. L’histoire qui commence à la fin du XIXe siècle reflète l’influence de modèles emprunté..

Chronic Eczematous Eruptions of the Elderly Are Associated with Chronic Exposure to Calcium Channel Blockers: Results from a Case–Control Study

It has been suggested that chronic eczematous eruptions of the elderly could be associated with chronic drug exposure. To determine the drugs associated with these eruptions, we conducted a case–control study on 102 cases and 204 controls. Cases were consecutive patients older than 60 years presenting with an eczematous eruption that had evolved continuously or recurrently for more than 3 months without a reliable cause. Two controls were matched to each case on age, sex, in/outpatient origin, and center. Information about drug exposure was obtained from patients and their pharmacists. Drug use for more than 3 months within the year preceding the eruption was compared between cases and controls. An association was found between calcium channel blockers (CCB) and eczema, with a matched OR (odds ratio) of 2.5 (95% CI (confidence interval): 1.3–4.6). To ascertain the course of patients after CCB withdrawal, two ancillary studies were performed on 74 patients with eczematous eruptions from our department before the case–control study period, and on 101 patients registered in the French “Pharmacovigilance” database. Healing of these eruptions after CCB withdrawal occurred in 83 and 68% of these cases, respectively. The long-term use of CCB is a risk factor for chronic eczematous eruptions of the elderly

Resurgence of Ebola virus in 2021 in Guinea suggests a new paradigm for outbreaks

These authors contributed equally: Alpha K. Keita, Fara R. Koundouno, Martin Faye, Ariane Düx, Julia Hinzmann.International audienc

Continuation vs Discontinuation of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors Before Major Noncardiac Surgery

ImportanceBefore surgery, the best strategy for managing patients who are taking renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) is unknown. The lack of evidence leads to conflicting guidelines.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a continuation strategy vs a discontinuation strategy of RASIs before major noncardiac surgery results in decreased complications at 28 days after surgery.Design, setting, and participantsRandomized clinical trial that included patients who were being treated with a RASI for at least 3 months and were scheduled to undergo a major noncardiac surgery between January 2018 and April 2023 at 40 hospitals in France.InterventionPatients were randomized to continue use of RASIs (n = 1107) until the day of surgery or to discontinue use of RASIs 48 hours prior to surgery (ie, they would take the last dose 3 days before surgery) (n = 1115).Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and major postoperative complications within 28 days after surgery. The key secondary outcomes were episodes of hypotension during surgery, acute kidney injury, postoperative organ failure, and length of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit during the 28 days after surgery.ResultsOf the 2222 patients (mean age, 67 years [SD, 10 years]; 65% were male), 46% were being treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors at baseline and 54% were being treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The rate of all-cause mortality and major postoperative complications was 22% (245 of 1115 patients) in the RASI discontinuation group and 22% (247 of 1107 patients) in the RASI continuation group (risk ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.87-1.19]; P = .85). Episodes of hypotension during surgery occurred in 41% of the patients in the RASI discontinuation group and in 54% of the patients in the RASI continuation group (risk ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.19-1.44]). There were no other differences in the trial outcomes.Conclusions and relevanceAmong patients who underwent major noncardiac surgery, a continuation strategy of RASIs before surgery was not associated with a higher rate of postoperative complications than a discontinuation strategy.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03374449

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Portrait d’Albert Jugon. Gueule cassée de la Grande Guerre

Our proposal is to follow the route of a “gueule cassée” of the Great War, Albert Jugon, emblem of the new violence against the bodies on the battlefield between 1914 and 1918. We are interested in the personality of Jugon before being injured, the impact itself, then address later -from the point of view of the patient- his face reconstruction but also his intimate and social reconstruction. In this sense, the impact of disfigurement is very important, especially from a psychological point of view, to the point of participating very actively –he was one of the founders- in the creation of the Organisation of “Gueule Cassées”, first association founded related to these wounds in 1921, immediately after the war.Nuestra propuesta consiste en seguir el itinerario de un “carapartida” de la Gran Guerra, Albert Jugon, emblema de la nueva violencia ejercida contra los cuerpos en el campo de batalla entre 1914 y 1918. Nos interesa la personalidad de Jugon antes de su herida, el impacto en sí, para luego abordar, desde el punto de vista del paciente, la reconstrucción de su cara pero también su reconstrucción íntima y social. En este sentido, el impacto de la desfiguración resulta muy importante, especialmente desde un punto de vista psicológico, hasta el punto de que Jugon participara de forma muy activa –fue uno de los fundadores- en la creación de la ‘Unión de heridos en la cara’, primera asociación fundada para atender a los heridos de esa naturaleza en 1921, en la inmediata posguerra.Notre travail propose de suivre l'itinéraire d'une gueule cassée de la Grande Guerre, Albert Jugon. En effet, ce dernier apparaît emblématique de la violence nouvelle faite aux corps sur le champ de bataille entre 1914 et 1918. Nous nous intéressons à la personnalité d'Albert Jugon avant sa blessure, à l'atteinte elle- même avant d'envisager du point de vue du patient la reconstruction de son visage mais aussi sa reconstruction intime et sociale. En ce sens, l'impact de la défiguration apparaît très important notamment d'un point de vue psychologique au point qu'il ait participé de manière très active- il est l'un des pères fondateurs- à la création de l'association l'Union des blessés de la face, première association fondée en fonction de la nature de la blessure, dans l'immédiat après guerre, en 1921

Portrait d’Albert Jugon. Gueule cassée de la Grande Guerre

Nuestra propuesta consiste en seguir el itinerario de un “carapartida” de la Gran Guerra, Albert Jugon, emblema de la nueva violencia ejercida contra los cuerpos en el campo de batalla entre 1914 y 1918. Nos interesa la personalidad de Jugon antes de su herida, el impacto en sí, para luego abordar, desde el punto de vista del paciente, la reconstrucción de su cara pero también su reconstrucción íntima y social. En este sentido, el impacto de la desfiguración resulta muy importante, especialmente desde un punto de vista psicológico, hasta el punto de que Jugon participara de forma muy activa –fue uno de los fundadores- en la creación de la ‘Unión de heridos en la cara’, primera asociación fundada para atender a los heridos de esa naturaleza en 1921, en la inmediata posguerra.RESUME Notre travail propose de suivre l'itinéraire d'une gueule cassée de la Grande Guerre, Albert Jugon. En effet, ce dernier apparaît emblématique de la violence nouvelle faite aux corps sur le champ de bataille entre 1914 et 1918. Nous nous intéressons à la personnalité d'Albert Jugon avant sa blessure, à l'atteinte ellemême avant d'envisager du point de vue du patient la reconstruction de son visage mais aussi sa reconstruction intime et sociale. En ce sens, l'impact de la défiguration apparaît très important notamment d'un point de vue psychologique au point qu'il ait participé de manière très active- il est l'un des pères fondateurs- à la création de l'association l'Union des blessés de la face, première association fondée en fonction de la nature de la blessure, dans l'immédiat après guerre, en 1921.ABSTRACT Our proposal is to follow the route of a “gueule cassée” of the Great War, Albert Jugon, emblem of the new violence against the bodies on the battlefield between 1914 and 1918. We are interested in the personality of Jugon before being injured, the impact itself, then address later -from the point of view of the patient- his face reconstruction but also his intimate and social reconstruction. In this sense, the impact of disfigurement is very important, especially from a psychological point of view, to the point of participating very actively –he was one of the founders- in the creation of the Organisation of “Gueule Cassées”, first association founded related to these wounds in 1921, immediately after the war

Retrato de Albert Jugon, "Carapartida" de la Gran Guerra

Our proposal is to follow the route of a "gueule cassée" of the Great War, Albert Jugon, emblem of the new violence against the bodies on the battlefield between 1914 and 1918. We are interested in the personality of Jugon before being injured, the impact itself, then address later -from the point of view of the patient- his face reconstruction but also his intimate and social reconstruction. In this sense, the impact of disfigurement is very important, especially from a psychological point of view, to the point of participating very actively -he was one of the founders- in the creation of the Organisation of "Gueule Cassées", first association founded related to these wounds in 1921, immediately after the war.Nuestra propuesta consiste en seguir el itinerario de un "carapartida" de la Gran Guerra, Albert Jugon, emblema de la nueva violencia ejercida contra los cuerpos en el campo de batalla entre 1914 y 1918. Nos interesa la personalidad de Jugon antes de su herida, el impacto en sí, para luego abordar, desde el punto de vista del paciente, la reconstrucción de su cara pero también su reconstrucción íntima y social. En este sentido, el impacto de la desfiguración resulta muy importante, especialmente desde un punto de vista psicológico, hasta el punto de que Jugon participara de forma muy activa �fue uno de los fundadores- en la creación de la "Unión de heridos en la cara", primera asociación fundada para atender a los heridos de esa naturaleza en 1921, en la inmediata posguerra