Paisajes culturales y proyecto territorial: un balance de treinta años de experiencia

En este artículo se desarrolla una valoración sintética de la consideración que han ido ganando los “paisajes del trabajo” en España durante los últimos treinta años, del marco en el que se han desenvuelto y de las principales intervenciones sobre los mismos. Se quiere destacar, en primer lugar, cómo algunos agentes han construido un “estado de opinión”, contribuyendo a un creciente interés por dicho patrimonio. Esto incluye a profesionales,departamentos universitarios y centros de investigación, pero asimismo se considera la labor de difusión a través de publicaciones, congresos y museos. Del marco en el que se han desenvuelto cabe referirse a algunas normas que han tenido una clara incidencia en este campo. Finalmente se pretende verificar como en bien pocos años hemos ido desarrollando instrumentos de intervención cada vez más complejos, comprometidos y de mayor escala, desde los primeros inventarios, catálogos y trabajos de documentación; a las intervenciones aisladas, de recuperación y reutilización de edificios singulares; a los planes y programas donde se integra el patrimonio industrial (del trabajo en general) en propuestas coordinadas de mayor ambición y finalmente, a proyectos territoriales, donde dicho patrimonio constituye el eje de la intervención y puede devenir motor de desarrollo local. En el límite cabría aspirar a que el patrimonio industrial, el del trabajo en general, juegue un papel equivalente en cualquier proyecto o plan territorial, al que ha alcanzado el patrimonio natural; que cultura y natura se conviertan en ejes de reflexión y medida de nuestras intervenciones sobre el territorio.Peer Reviewe

Arte rupestre y espacios de memoria: las representaciones del sitio Confluencia (Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca, Argentina)

Our work addresses the continuity of rock art production as one of the many mechanisms that allowed the construction of social memory of the Puna communities over a long term process. With this purpose, we analyze the sequence of rock art production of Confl uencia site, Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca, Argentina. This sequence, representing different periods of local and regional archeology (from ca. 5500 BP to the Spanish-Native contact period) was carried out using a deconstructive approach in a way that allowed us to identify the modes in which the depictions were articulated through the time, and ended up shaping the final rock art assemblage. Finally, we could say that the continuity expressed in the successive rock art productions shows the way that different social agents get related with the otherness that the preexistent depictions propose, by including the previous into the new discourse or by excluding it.    Nuestro trabajo aborda la continuidad de la producción rupestre como uno de los tantos mecanismos que permitieron la construcción de memoria social de las comunidades puneñas a lo largo de un proceso de larga duración. Para tal fin, analizamos la secuencia de producción de las manifestaciones rupestres del sitio Confluencia, Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca, Argentina. Dicha secuencia, que representa distintos periodos de la arqueología local y regional (ca. 5500 AP al contacto hispanoindígena), fue llevada a cabo siguiendo una metodología deconstructiva de forma tal que nos permitiera identificar los modos en que se fueron articulando, a través del tiempo, las diversas representaciones que terminaron conformando el conjunto rupestre final. De tal forma, se pudo definir que en la continuidad expresada en las sucesivas producciones rupestres se manifestaba, también, la forma en que los distintos agentes sociales se fueron relacionando con la alteridad que proponían las representaciones preexistentes, ya sea incorporando lo previo al nuevo discurso, o bien, excluyéndolo del mismo.  

Sensory characterization of Frontenac and Marquette wine grape cultivars by descriptive analysis

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis.August 2014. Major: Food Science. Advisor: Zata Vickers. 1 computer file (PDF); x, 134 pages.Marquette and Frontenac, red wine grapes released by the University of Minnesota in 2006 and 1997, respectively, comprise almost 75% of the cold-hardy vines planted in Minnesota. Maturity of wine grapes at harvest is an important factor in the quality of the resulting wine. This study was designed to define the aroma, flavor, and astringency attributes of Marquette and Frontenac wine grapes and to explore the changes to these sensory attributes that occur during the ripening process and the resulting changes in their respective wines. When the sugar levels of the grapes increased from low to medium to high, panelists rated the sweetness of the grapes higher, the sourness lower, and the astringency and bitterness lower. Panelists also tended to rate the jammy and dried fruit attributes higher as the sweetness of the grapes increased, though this may be due to confusion with the sweetness

Influence of abutment collar height and implant length on stress distribution in single crowns

This in silico study evaluated the influence of the abutment collar height and implants length on the biomechanical behavior of morse taper single dental implants with different crown-to-implant ratio. Six virtual models were constructed (S11, M11, L11, S13, M13 and L13) by combining short (S: 2.5 mm), medium (M: 3.5 mm) or long (L: 4.5 mm) abutment collar heights with different implant lengths (11 or 13-mm). An upper central incisor of 11-mm height was constructed on top of each abutment. Each set was positioned in a virtual bone model and exported to analyze mathematically. A 0.60-mm mesh was created after convergence analysis and a 49 N load was applied to the cingulum of the crown at an angle of 45°. Load-generated stress distribution was analyzed in the prosthetic components according to von Mises stress criteria (σvM) and in the cortical and cancellous bone by means of shear stress (εmax). The use of longer collar abutments (L11) increased the stress on the abutment by 250% and resulted in 40% higher stresses on the screw and 92% higher cortical shear stresses compared to short collared abutments (S11). Increasing the implant length produced a slight stress reduction on cortical bone. Cancellous bone was not affected by the crown-to-implant ratio. Longer abutment collars concentrate stresses at the implant level and cortical bone by increasing the crown-to-implant ratio303238243COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES33003033008P

Avaliação das mudanças na política de garantia de preços mínimos: período de 1997 a 2004

This paper evaluates the main changes that happened in the Brazilian policies of agricultural minimum price since 1997, paying attention to operational issues and discrepancies among regions and products that occurred when implementing those policies. In 1996, Brazilian Federal Government created two new programs, Prêmio de Escoamento de Produto (PEP) and Contratos de Opções de Venda de Produtos Agropecuários (COVPA), in addition to other two traditional programs (Aquisição do Governo Federal, AGF, and Empréstimos do Governo Federal, EGF). However, the new programs only were implemented one year after. Since then, these four Federal programs of minimum prices have had different performances. This paper evaluates those differences, highlighting unequal distribution of these programs among products and regions. COVPA is concentrated in corn crops, PEP favored cotton and AGF is biased to rice and beans. Moreover, Center-Western states are favored in using these programs and Northern and Northeastern states little used these programs.Agricultural and Food Policy, Minimum price, Policies, Regions, Brazil,

El trauma raquimedular

A medula espinhal dos mamíferos adultos não permite a regeneração de axônios. Por razões ainda desconhecidas, as fibras neurais falham em cruzar o sítio da lesão, como se não houvesse crescimento, desde a primeira tentativa. Quais mecanismos poderiam explicar a perda da capacidade de regeneração? As cicatrizes formadas pelas células da glia seriam uma consequência da falha na regeneração ou a causa? Diversas linhas de evidência sugerem que a regeneração da medula espinhal seria impedida no sistema nervoso central pela ação de fatores locais no sítio da lesão, e que o sistema nervoso central não-lesado é um meio permissivo para o crescimento axonal, na direção de alvos específicos. Uma vez que os axônios são induzidos adequadamente a cruzar a lesão com o auxílio de implantes, fármacos ou células indiferenciadas, as fibras em regeneração podem encontrar a via específica e estabelecer conexões corretas. O que ainda não se sabe é que combinação de moléculas induz/inibe o potencial de regeneração do tecido e que mecanismos permitem aos neurônios formarem conexões específicas com os alvos com os quais são programados a fazer.The adult mammal spinal cord does not allow axons regeneration. For unknown reasons, the neural fibers fail in coming across the site of the lesion, as if there were no growing from the first try. What mechanisms may explain the lost of regeneration capability? Are scars formed by glial cells a consequence of regeneration fail or the cause? Several evidence lines suggest that spinal cord regeneration would be blocked in the central nervous system by actions of local factors in the site of the wound, and no injured central nervous system is a permissive way for the axonal growing into specific targets. If axons are correctly induced to cross the injury, supported by implants, drugs and undifferentiated cells, the fibers in regeneration may find a specific way to establish the right connections. The combination of molecules which induce/inhibit the regeneration potential of the tissue remains unknown, as well as the mechanisms that enable the neuron to make specific connections with targets it is programmed to connect with.La medula espinal de los mamíferos adultos no permite la regeneración de los axones. Por razones aun no conocidas, las fibras neurales fallan en la tarea de cruzar por el sitio de la lesión, como si no hubiese crecimiento, desde el primer intento. ¿Cuáles mecanismos podrían explicar la pérdida de la capacidad de la regeneración? ¿Las cicatrices formadas por las células de la glía son una consecuencia del fallo en la regeneración o serían la causa? Diversas líneas de evidencia sugieren que la regeneración de la medula espinal sería impedida en el sistema nervioso central por la acción de factores locales en el sitio de la lesión, y que el sistema nervioso central no lesionado es un medio permisivo para el crecimiento axonal, en la dirección de dianas específicas. Una vez que los axones sean inducidos adecuadamente a cruzar la lesión, con auxilio de implantes, fármacos o células indiferenciadas, las fibras en regeneración podrían encontrar la vía específica y establecer conexiones correctas. Lo que aun es desconocido es que combinación de moléculas induce/inhibe el potencial de regeneración del tejido y cuáles mecanismos permiten a las neuronas formar conexiones específicas, con las dianas que son programadas a hacer.FAPESPCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)CNP

In situ study of sucrose exposure, mutans streptococci in dental plaque and dental caries

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among frequency of sucrose exposure, mutans streptococci levels and dental caries. Adult volunteers took part in this crossover study performed in 4 phases of 28 days each. The volunteers wore intra-oral palatal appliances containing blocks of human dental enamel and dripped 20% sucrose solution onto the dental blocks from 0 to 8 times/day. After each phase, the colony forming units (CFU) were determined in dental plaque and enamel dental caries was evaluated using cross-sectional hardness. Sucrose frequency had no statistically significant effect on mutans streptococci levels. In the enamel cross-sectional hardness tests, significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to area of mineral loss were observed only when sucrose exposure was 8 times/day. Similar results were obtained when cross-sectional hardness was assessed at each distance from enamel surface.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among frequency of sucrose exposure, mutans streptococci levels and dental caries. Adult volunteers took part in this crossover study performed in 4 phases of 28 days each. The volunteers wore intra-oral palatal appliances containing blocks of human dental enamel and dripped 20% sucrose solution onto the dental blocks from 0 to 8 times/day. After each phase, the colony forming units (CFU) were determined in dental plaque and enamel dental caries was evaluated using cross-sectional hardness. Sucrose frequency had no statistically significant effect on mutans streptococci levels. In the enamel cross-sectional hardness tests, significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to area of mineral loss were observed only when sucrose exposure was 8 times/day. Similar results were obtained when cross-sectional hardness was assessed at each distance from enamel surface12210110

Nitric oxide system and basal ganglia physiopathology

Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic molecule that is needed for physiological functions, especially in the brain NO induces vasodilatation, inhibits apoptosis and plays an important role in memory processes. A population of interneurons has been distinguished in the striatum by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining, an enzyme that is identical with NO synthase (NOS). These interneurons are aspiny cells with dendritic branches and axonal arborisation extending to form a wide field. Single action potentials in these cells produce large inhibitory postsynaptic currents in medium-sized spiny neurons. Release of NO from these neurons facilitates the concurrent release of dopamine and glutamate (GLU). Although the influence of NOS-positive interneurons on striatal neuronal activity remains to be thoroughly characterized, evidence has accumulated suggesting that NO signaling may mediate and/or regulate multiple aspects of striatal neurotransmission. Striatal NO signaling has a major impact on the responsiveness of dopaminergic (DA) neurons to electrical stimulation of the striatum and to some extent, the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, it is likely that NO signalling plays an important role in regulating the activity of striatal output neurons. Thus, striatal NOS interneurons may be critically involved in integrating corticostriatal sensorimotor information within striatal networks and synchronizing the activity of functionally related striatonigral sub-systems. Our studies showed that systemic injections of the inhibitors of NOS decrease either elevate plus maze exploration or rearing in an open field arena. These results may involve motor effects of these compounds, since inhibitors of NOS induced catalepsy in mice. This effect was also found in rats after systemic, intracebroventricular or intrastriatal administration. Chronic NO synthesis inhibition induces plastic changes in NO producing neurons in areas related to motor control. In the same way, the application of NOS inhibitor twice a day, during four days caused cross-tolerance to the cataleptic effect of haloperidol. This raises the possibility that such treatments could decrease motor side effects associated with antipsychotic medications. However, NO can be harmful mainly under oxidative stress conditions due to the oxidation and nitrotyrosilation of functional proteins. Considerable existing evidences indicate a role for NO–DA interactions in pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia. However, the findings on the impact of nitrergic mechanisms in schizophrenia and PD are contradictory. In addition, the slow progression of these diseases, complicates experimental approaches to modeling their pathophysiological mechanism. Inducing experimental Parkinson in rats we found an interaction between NO system and neurodegenerative processes in the nigrostriatal pathway. Because NOS is an enzyme widely distributed and involved in a plethora of necessary physiological responses inside and outside the brain, the role of NO in human neurodegenerative disease is not as easily understood.peer-reviewe

Influencia del estrechamiento del canal vertebral y del tiempo para la descompresión en la recuperación locomotora de ratas

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as consequências da lesão por contusão da medula espinhal, associada ao estreitamento do canal vertebral, no comportamento motor de ratos, avaliando-se o efeito do tempo para descompressão na recuperação neurológica dos animais. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos (n=6 por grupo), subdivididos nos seguintes grupos experimentais: laminectomia (T9-T10, Grupo Controle), contusão por queda de peso (10 g de peso, 15 cm de altura), estreitamento do canal vertebral em 35% (hastes de policarbonato; espessura de 0,78 mm) e contusão associada ao estreitamento do canal vertebral. O grupo de lesão associada foi ainda subdividido em sem ou com descompressão 24 ou 72 horas após a cirurgia. Os animais foram sacrificados sete dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. A função locomotora dos animais foi avaliada por meio do teste do campo aberto, do teste do plano inclinado e pela aplicação da escala BBB, antes da cirurgia, 24 e 72 horas depois da cirurgia e após 7 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: a lesão por queda de peso e compressão da medula espinhal, bem como a lesão mista, prejudicaram o comportamento motor dos animais, sendo que a descompressão cirúrgica após 24 e 72 horas da cirurgia não melhorou a recuperação motora dos animais, como mostram os resultados da avaliação de campo aberto, no plano inclinado e pela escala BBB. Por outro lado, os animais que sofreram lesão medular por queda de peso apresentaram melhores escores na escala BBB e ângulos maiores no plano inclinado do que aqueles que sofreram lesão por estreitamento do canal vertebral ou lesão mista. CONCLUSÕES: a lesão por queda de peso ou estreitamento do canal vertebral provocou alterações no comportamento motor dos animais, sendo que a descompressão não trouxe melhora funcional significativa.OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of contusion injury of spinal cord associated with narrowing of vertebral canal on motor behavior of rats, as assessing the effect of decompression time on the neurologic recovery of the animals. METHODS: male Wistar rats (n=6 per group) were divided into three experimental groups: submitted to laminectomy (T9-T10, Control Group), contusion due to weight drop (10 g from a height of 15 cm), 35% narrowing of the vertebral canal obtained with 0.78 mm thick polycarbonate rods and contusion injury associated with narrowing of the vertebral canal. In this last group, decompression was not performed or it was made after 24 or 72 hours of the surgery, as the animals were divided into subgroups. Rats were sacrificed seven days after surgical procedures. The motor behavior of the animals was assessed in open arena, inclined plane and by means of Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, before and after 24, 48 hours and 7 days of surgical procedures. RESULTS: contusion injury, narrowing of the spinal canal and mixed injury impaired the motor behavior of the animals. Surgical decompression (24 and 72 hours) did not improve motor recovery as assessed in open arena, BBB scale and inclined plane test. On the other hand, animals injured with weight drop showed better scores on BBB scale and higher angles in the inclined plane when compared to the ones that were injured with narrowing of the vertebral canal and mixed lesion. CONCLUSIONS: spinal cord injury by weight drop and narrowing of the vertebral canal induced alterations on the motor behavior, which did not significantly improve with decompression.OBJETIVO: estudiar las consecuencias de la lesión por contusión de la médula espinal, asociada al estrechamiento del canal vertebral en el comportamiento de ratas, evaluando el efecto del tiempo para la descompresión en la recuperación neurológica de los animales. MÉTODOS: fueron utilizadas ratas Wistar machos (n=6, por grupo), subdivididos en los siguientes grupos experimentales: laminectomía (T9-T10, Grupo Control), contusión por caída de peso (10 g de peso, 15 cm de altura), estrechamiento del canal vertebral de 35% (astas de policarbonato; espesura de 0.78 mm) y contusión asociada al estrechamiento del canal vertebral. El grupo de lesión asociada fue subdividido en sin o con descompresión, 24 o 72 horas después de la cirugía. Los animales fueron sacrificados siete días después de los procedimientos quirúrgicos. La función locomotora de los animales fue evaluada por medio del teste de campo abierto, del plano inclinado y por la aplicación de la escala BBB, antes de la cirugía, 24, 72 horas y 7 días después del procedimiento quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: la lesión por caída de peso y compresión de la médula espinal, así como la lesión mixta perjudicaron el comportamiento motor de los animales, siendo que la descompresión quirúrgica 24 y 72 horas después de la cirugía no mejoró la recuperación motora de los animales, cuando los mismos fueron evaluados en el campo abierto, en el plano inclinado y por la escala BBB. Por otro lado, los animales que sufrieron lesión medular por caída de peso presentaron mejores índices en la escala BBB y ángulos mayores en el plano inclinado, cuando comparados con aquellos que sufrieron lesión por estrechamiento del canal vertebral o la lesión mixta. CONCLUSIONES: la lesión por caída de peso o estrechamiento del canal vertebral provocó alteraciones en el comportamiento motor de los animales, siendo que la descompresión no trajo mejoría funcional significativa