Helicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health

Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed

Novel poly herbal muco-adhesive formulation for treatment of oral aphthous ulcer

Background: Oral ulcers are the most frequent lesions that cause discomfort for which the patients seek treatment for alleviating pain and facilitate early healing. Various treatment modalities from modern medicine and Ayurveda are used in the form of ointments and mouthwashes with varying efficacy. Anti-inflammatory medicines, enzymatic preparations, gamma globulins and immune suppressants have been used.Methods: Extracts of five chosen herbs, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acacia catechu, Punica Granatum, Curcuma longa and Mentha piperita were used for preparing mucoadhesive gel for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers of any etiology. Gel was prepared by cold method of Schmolka at M/s Pharmanza Herbals Pvt. Ltd., India. Five formulations were prepared with using different concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) extracts.Results: Formulations were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties. Preliminary trial was done with five formulations. The F5 formulation has the premier viscosity because of its higher polymer content; it is able to remain on mucous surface long enough to release its API effect. Since the uniformity, proper appearance, stability and acceptable viscosity and gel strength the F1 formulation was selected as the superior formulation which could prove ideal for treatment of oral aphthous ulcers.Conclusions: The results provide strong evidence that polyherbal gel containing extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acacia catechu, Punica granatum, Curcuma longa and Mentha piperita on the basis of their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial and local anesthetic properties can be used as an effective and safe alternative for the management of aphthous ulcers

Genome-Wide Scan for Copy Number Variation Association with Age at Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with high prevalence, which imposes a substantial public health problem. The heritability of AD is estimated at 60–80% forecasting the potential use of genetic biomarkers for risk stratification in the future. Several large scale genome-wide association studies using high frequency variants identified 10 loci accountable for only a fraction of the estimated heritability. To find the missing heritability, systematic assessment of various mutational mechanisms needs to be performed. This copy number variation (CNV) genome-wide association study with age at onset (AAO) of AD identified 5 CNV regions that may contribute to the heritability of AAO of AD. Two CNV events are intragenic causing a deletion in CPNE4. In addition, to further study the mutational load at the 10 known susceptibility loci, CNVs overlapping with these loci were also catalogued. We identified rare small events overlapping CR1 and BIN1 in AD and normal controls with opposite CNV dosage. The CR1 events are consistent with previous reports. Larger scale studies with deeper genotyping specifically addressing CNV are needed to evaluate the significance of these findings

Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg

Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (USMR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71.2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval WI] 68.3-74-0) in 2000 to 37.1 (33.2-41.7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28.0 deaths per 1000 live births (26.8-29-5) in 2000 to 17.9 (16.3-19-8) in 2019. In 2019,136 (67%) of 204 countries had a USMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030,154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9.65 million (95% UI 9.05-10.30) in 2000 and 5.05 million (4.27-6.02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3.76 million 95% UI 3.53-4.021) in 2000 to 48% (2.42 million; 2.06-2.86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0.80 (95% UI 0.71-0.86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1.44 (95% UI 1-27-1.58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1.87 million (95% UI 1-35-2.58; 37% 95% UI 32-43]) of 5.05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve USMR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

The impact of coagulation profile derangements and their effect on the outcome of head injury patients: A prospective study

Background: In traumatic brain injury patients, coagulation disorder causes secondary brain injury, thereby increasing mortality and morbidity. Aim: This study aims to know the impact of coagulation profile derangements and their effect on the outcome of head injury patients. Materials and methods: A total of 100 patients admitted with traumatic brain injury were included in the study. Samples of complete haemogram (CBC), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTTK), D-Dimers and fibrinogen were obtained. Coagulopathy was defined as platelet counts &lt; 100,000 cells/mm2 and PTI &gt;15 seconds or a DIC(Disseminated intravascular coagulation) score of more than 4. The outcome in each group was measured according to the Glasgow outcome score. The data were analysed with the Chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: In patients with severe and moderate traumatic brain injury, there was no significant difference in the Haemoglobin, Fibrinogen and D-Dimer between the patients with and without coagulopathy. But, the platelet count was significantly lower in the patients with coagulopathy and the PT and PTTK were significantly higher in the patients with coagulopathy in comparison to the patients without coagulopathy (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the Fibrinogen and D-Dimer between the expired and discharged patients. But, the platelet count was significantly higher in the discharged patients and the DIC score, PT and PTTK were significantly lower in the discharged patients (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Coagulation profile derangements are seen in patients with traumatic brain injury. Early diagnosis and prompt management can make remarkable improvements in the mortality of these patients.

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Not AvailableA distinct strain of Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infecting soybean was reported from India in 2013. Until now there are no resistant sources against CPMMV disease. In the present study 133 genotypes were screened and three sources of resistance against CPMMV in soybean were identified. The resistance was confirmed by sap inoculation and the presence of the virus was also confirmed through RT-PCR by designing primer specific to coat protein gene and NaBp region of CPMMV genome. The lines which were found to be resistant were further used to develop mapping populationNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSoybean is the most important oilseed crop in the world due to its high oil (20%) and protein (40%) content. Productivity of soybean in India is low. Poor genetic variability in soybean is an important factor of low yield. Wide hybridization was attempted between cultivated genotype DS9712 and wild type accession DC2008-1. Isolating from the segregating population in F2:6 generation, 206 RILs were developed and tested for two consecutive years i.e. kharif 2014 and 2015. Enormous variability was observed among the RILs for phenotypic traits including yield. Genetic polymorphism was studied with 317 SSR markers, out of which 206 were polymorphic (~65% polymorphism). Distribution of the polymorphic markers was not uniform on the chromosomes. Tri-nucleotide repeat motif SSR markers were more polymorphic than others. About 8 markers showed distorted segregation. Linkage map was constructed with 194 markers. Total length of the map was 1823.71cM with an average marker spacing of 9.21cM. The RILs and the molecular map produced in the study will be suitable for mapping and analyzing QTLs for yield and other related traits in soybeanNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present investigation, cross-transferability of 125 B. rapa specific and 70 B. nigra specific genomic-SSRs had been evaluated in 16 genotypes of B. carinata (Ethiopian mustard) with an aim to develop genomic resources for Ethiopian mustard. A cross-transferability rate of 82.4% (103 SSRs) and 84.3% (59 SSRs) had been obtained for B. rapa- and B. nigra- derived SSRs, respectively, out of which 66 (64.1%) of B. rapa- and 37 (62.7%) of B. nigra- SSRs resulted into polymorphic amplicons. Comparison of polymorphism parameters including PIC value, gene diversity and heterozygosity values revealed that B. nigra-SSRs were more efficient in terms of transferability rate and polymorphic potential than B. rapa-SSRs. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages-dendrogram divided Ethiopian mustard genotypes into four groups. This newly characterized set of SSR markers will enrich the repertoire of B. carinata SSRs and would provide new paradigms for B. carinata genomics-based improvement.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableFor genomic study, 262 SSR markers (@13 markers/chromosome) were selected at random from across the soybean genome. Among the markers used, 172 were found to be polymorphic between the two genotypes indicating the level of genomic variations between the two species to be 65.67%.The polymorphic markers identified in this study were used to analyse the molecular genotype of the segregating plants of the inter-specific crosses. As expected, the parental alleles were in 1:1 ratio. However, heterozygosity was also found in some loci indicating the need for more selfing generations to make it a true recombinant inbred line (RIL).Not Availabl