Editing in Translation Technology

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology provides a state-of-the art survey of the field of computer-assisted translation. It is the first definitive reference to provide a comprehensive overview of the general, regional and topical aspects of this increasingly significant area of study. Part Three evaluates specific matters in translation technology, with entries focused on subjects such as alignment, bitext, computational lexicography, corpus, editing, online translation, subtitling and technology and translation management systems

The Pelabon Munitions works and the Belgian village on the Thames: Community and forgetfulness in outer-metropolitan suburbs

West of London in Richmond and Twickenham, 6000 Belgian refugees developed a flourishing social life, drawn in the context of the national ‘shell crisis’ by employment opportunities at the Pelabon Munitions Works. This article asks why Belgian community life was richer here than almost anywhere else, and explores the significance of refugees’ social interaction for their class and other group identities. Finally, the article seeks to explain why this vast community became completely forgotten locally

Noise-aided gradient descent bit-flipping decoders approaching maximum likelihood decoding

International audienceIn the recent literature, the study of iterative LDPC decoders implemented on faulty-hardware has led to the counter-intuitive conclusion that noisy decoders could perform better than their noiseless version. This peculiar behavior has been observed in the finite codeword length regime, where the noise perturbating the decoder dynamics help to escape the attraction of fixed points such as trapping sets. In this paper, we will study two recently introduced LDPC decoders derived from noisy versions of the gradient descent bit-flipping decoder (GDBF). Although the GDBF is known to be a simple decoder with limited error correction capability compared to more powerful soft-decision decoders, it has been shown that the introduction of a random perturbation in the decoder could greatly improve the performance results, approaching and even surpassing belief propagation or min-sum based decoders. For both decoders, we evaluate the probability of escaping from a Trapping set, and relate this probability to the parameters of the injected noise distribution, using a Markovian model of the decoder transitions in the state space of errors localized on isolated trapping sets. In a second part of the paper, we present a modified scheduling of our algorithms for the binary symmetric channel, which allows to approach maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) at the cost of a very large number of iterations

A synthesis of early and middle Holocene coastal changes in the western Belgian lowlands

A large-scale pattern of Holocene coastal evolution of the western Belgian coastal plain has been reconstructed by means of a series of palaeogeographical maps at 9 time slices between 9.5 and 6 cal. ka BP together with schematical cross-sections of the vertical sediment accumulation. The time-depth estimate and the spatial extension of the palaeo-environments is based on the relative sea-level (RSL) curve and radiocarbon dates of (basal and intercalated) peats and shells. This paper describes the methodology of reconstructing the pre-Holocene surface and asserts that the morphology of the flooded surface is a controlling factor in the distribution of the Holocene sediments. For a better visualization of the rather weak relief, a 3D terrain model is presented. The coastal evolution is further controlled by the changes in the rate of RSL rise and sediment budget. The period before ca. 7.500 cal BP is marked by a rapid RSL rise and consequently by a progressive rapid landward migration of all depositional environments as well as a major vertical sediment accretion. In the period following the first substantial decrease in the rate of RSL rise, the direct impact of the latter is subordinate to the effect of sediment budget which is in balance with the creation of accommodation space. This resulted in the sedimentary infilling of the tidal basin and the deposition of tidal clastic sediments with peat accumulation

Selective cell response on natural polymer bio-interfaces textured by femtosecond laser

This study reports on the evaluation of laser processed natural polymer-chitosan, which is under consideration as a biointerface used for temporary applications as skin and cartilage substitutes. It is employed for tissue engineering purposes, since it possesses a significant degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan-based thin films were processed by femtosecond laser radiation to enhance the surface properties of the material. Various geometry patterns were produced on polymer surfaces and employed to examine cellular adhesion and orientation. The topography of the modified zones was observed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Test of the material cytotoxicity was performed by evaluating the life/dead cell correlation. The obtained results showed that texturing with femtosecond laser pulses is appropriate method to initiate a predefined cellular response. Formation of surface modifications in the form of foams with an expansion of the material was created under laser irradiation with a number of applied laser pulses from N = 1-5. It is shown that irradiation with N > 5 results in disturbance of microfoam. Material characterization reveals a decrease in water contact angle values after laser irradiation of chitosan films. Consequently, changes in surface roughness of chitosan thin-film surface result in its functionalization. Cultivation of MC3T3 and ATMSC cells show cell orientational migration concerning different surface patterning. The influence of various pulse durations (varying from tau = 30-500 fs) over biofilms surface was examined regarding the evolution of surface morphology. The goal of this study was to define the optimal laser conditions (laser energy, number of applied pulses, and pulse duration) to alter surface wettability properties and porosity to improve material performance. The acquired set of results indicate the way to tune the surface properties to optimize cell-interface interaction

Substituting bouts of sedentary behavior with physical activity: adopting positive lifestyle choices in people with a history of cancer

Purpose: To determine in people with a history of cancer, whether substituting sitting time with other daily activities (i.e., sleeping, walking, moderate and vigorous physical activity) was associated with changes in waist circumference (WC), an important surrogate marker of cardiometabolic risk. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (Atlantic PATH) cohort was conducted using isotemporal substitution models to explore the associations of substituting sedentary time, physical activity behavior (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), or sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) with changes in WC. Analyses were conducted using sex-specific WC classifications. Results: In 3,684 people with a history of cancer [mean age (SD) 58.2 (7.3) years; BMI 28.9 (5.2) kgm−2; 71% female], reallocating 10min of sleep or sedentary time for 10min of walking was associated with lower WC in women (p < 0.01). In men, PA intensity appeared to be more strongly associated with a reduced WC. Replacing 10min of sedentary time with 10min of moderate or vigorous PA and replacing 10min of sleep with moderate PA were associated with a significantly reduced WC (p < 0.001). The largest effect was when 10min of moderate PA was replaced with vigorous PA, a reduction in WC (p < 0.01) was evident. Conclusion: For people with a history of cancer, adopting small but positive changes in lifestyle behaviors could help reduce WC and potentially offset negative health-related outcomes associated with higher WC. Further research is required to examine whether such an intervention may be acceptable and manageable among this population

A Critical Appraisal of Guidelines for Antenatal Care: Components of Care and Priorities in Prenatal Education

There are a variety of published prenatal care (PNC) guidelines that claim a scientific basis for the information included. Four sets of PNC guidelines published between 2005 and 2009 were examined and critiqued. The recommendations for assessment procedures, laboratory testing, and education/counseling topics were analyzed within and between these guidelines. The PNC components were synthesized to provide an organized, comprehensive appendix that can guide providers of antepartum care. The appendix may be used to locate which guidelines addressed which topics to assist practitioners to identify evidence sources. The suggested timing for introducing and reinforcing specific topics is also presented in the appendix. Although education is often assumed to be a vital component of PNC, it was inconsistently included in the guidelines that were reviewed. Even when education was included, important detail was lacking. Addressing each woman\u27s needs as the first priority was suggested historically and remains relevant in current practice to systematically provide care while maintaining the woman as the central player. More attention to gaps in current research is important for the development of comprehensive prenatal guidelines that contribute effectively to the long‐term health and well‐being of women, families, and their communities