Study of mitochondrial energy metabolism and its relationship with epileptic seizures in Wistar audiogenic rats (WAR)

Introdução: Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WAR) é modelo experimental desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, para estudo da epilepsia, entretanto, a seleção genética em resposta aos comportamentos de crises audiogênicas também trouxe à tona alterações no metabolismo energético nesses animais. Dois estudos são relevantes deste ponto de vista, no primeiro Botion e Doretto observaram que WAR após serem estimulados apresentam: (a) valores de glicemia maior em relação ao Wistar; (b) aumento no lactato circulante - o que pode indicar deficiência na fosforilação oxidativa (OXPHOS); (c) aumento da atividade adrenérgica, induzindo dessensibilização da via lipolítica ?-adrenérgica no tecido adiposo epididimal. Pereira e colaboradores investigando o metabolismo de carboidratos relataram: (a) aumento na via glicólica; (b) translocação de GLUT4 aumentada no músculo gastrocnêmico e (c) redução nos níveis de glicogênio muscular. Objetivo: Diante desses achados o presente estudo tem como objetivo elucidar o metabolismo energético mitocondrial e sua relação com as crises epiléticas induzidas por estímulos sonoros. Resultados: Através de analises comportamentais e calorimetria indireta, relatamos que WAR possui perfil ansiogênico e tem preferência em oxidar aminoácidos; utilizando biopsias de tecido hepático, musculo esquelético e cardíaco, observamos maior densidade mitocondrial, acompanhada de maior geração de H2O2 e como consequência maior estresse oxidativo; na busca para elucidar com maior destreza, realizamos isolamento da fração mitocondrial do tecido hepático, e concluímos que não há maior geração de H2O2 por mitocôndria, porém há um enriquecimento proteico (algumas proteínas funcionais - como as envolvidas na OXPHOS- e outras não-funcionais - como as UCPs), além de relatarmos maiores níveis de proteínas envolvidas na dinâmica mitocondrial, desse modo podemos concluir que WAR possuem maior densidade mitocondrial e mitocôndrias com maior eficiência; o mesmo perfil mitocondrial foi observado no tecido cerebral. Após tratamento com DNP e NAC, observamos redução do estresse oxidativo no tecido cerebral, porém apenas NAC reduziu a severidade da crise, assim concluímos que o suave desacoplamento induzido por DNP não é capaz de reduzir de forma significativa a severidade da crise, porém a inibição da glicólise pelo NAC, alterou a bioenergética cerebral é capaz a reduzir a severidade da crise, deixando evidenciado que o metabolismo energético tem papel essencial/relevante na crise epilética induzida por estímulos sonoros em WAR, enquanto o estresse oxidativo tem papel secundário.Introduction: Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WAR) is an experimental model developed in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, for the study of epilepsy, however, the genetic selection in response to the behaviors of audiogenic crisis also brought up changes in energy metabolism in these animals. Two studies are relevant from this point of view, in the first Botion and Doretto observed that WAR after being stimulated present: (a) higher blood glucose values in relation to the Wistar; (b) Increase in circulating lactatewhich may indicate deficiency in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); (c) Increased adrenergic activity. Pereira and collaborators investigating the metabolism of carbohydrates reported: (a) increase in glycolysis; (b) Translocation of GLUT4 increased in gastrocnemius muscle and (c) reduction in muscle glycogen levels. Objective: In the face of these findings, the present study aims to elucidate the mitochondrial energy metabolism and its relation to the epileptic crises induced by sound stimuli. Results: Through behavioral analysis and indirect calorimetry, we report that WAR has reduced exploratory activity and has preference to oxidize amino acids; Using biopsies of liver tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscles, we observe greater mitochondrial density, accompanied by greater generation of H2O2 and as a result of greater oxidative stress; in the search to elucidate with greater dexterity, we perform isolation of the mitochondrial fraction of the hepatic tissue, and we conclude that there is no greater generation of H2O2 by mitochondria, but there is a protein enrichment (some functional proteins - such as those involved in OXPHOS - and other nonfunctional ones - such as UCPs), in addition to reporting higher levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, so we can conclude that WAR has greater mitochondrial density and mitochondria more efficiently; the same mitochondrial profile was observed in the brain tissue. After treatment with DNP and NAC, we observed reduction of oxidative stress in the brain tissue, but only NAC reduced the severity of the crisis, so we conclude that the smooth decoupling induced by DNP is not able to significantly reduce the severity of the crisis, however the inhibition of glycolysis by the NAC, altered the brain bioenergetics is able to reduce the severity of the crisis, leaving evidence that the energy metabolism has essential/relevant role in the epileptic crisis induced by sound stimuli in WAR, while oxidative stress has secondary role

Contextualized Class Improves Perception of Students About Spectrophotometry in Biochemistry Laboratory Practices

Practical work in the laboratory occupies a considerable proportion of students’ time in Pharmacy courses. Thus, it is vital for students who are taking courses in health science to experience handling practices thinking about its practical application. However, students have difficulty in correlating the knowledge acquired in other disciplines - especially, Analytical Chemistry - to Biochemistry. Here, we use an existing laboratory practice and contextualized it using a case-oriented examination and a dynamic discussion about spectrophotometry as a routine analysis in scientific research. With this goal, a group of students was submitted to a traditional practical class (control group, n= 65) while another one was submitted to an contextualized practical class (experimental group, n= 30). After a practical test, the scores of both groups were compared to each other. The results suggested that the contextualization of the practical classes could provide conditions to obtain technical competence of the students, increasing their comprehension about the relevance of interdisciplinary concepts and its applications.As aulas práticas ocupam uma considerável proporção do tempo dos estudantes do curso de Farmácia. Assim, torna-se vital que os alunos dos cursos de saúde participem de aulas laboratoriais que os remetam a uma aplicação prática. Entretanto, os estudantes têm dificuldade em correlacionar o conhecimento adquirido em outras disciplinas - especialmente Química Analítica - com Bioquímica. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se uma aula prática existente (tradicional) e uma aula prática contextualizada com um caso clínico, seguida de uma orientação dinâmica sobre espectrofotometria como análise de rotina em pesquisa científica. Com este objetivo, um grupo de estudantes foi submetido à aula prática tradicional (grupo controle, n= 65) enquanto outro foi submetido à aula prática contextualizada (grupo experimental, n= 30). Após a avaliação prática, as pontuações de ambos os grupos foram comparadas entre si. Os resultados sugerem que a contextualização das aulas práticas fornece condições para que os alunos adquiram competência técnica, aumentando sua compreensão acerca da relevância de conceitos interdisciplinares e suas aplicações

An Assessment of the Level of Awareness, Attitudes, Opinions of Pharmacy Students Concerning HIV and AIDS in Malaysia

Aims: HIV and AIDS spreading wide and causing serious threats and deaths among Malaysian residents. A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the awareness, attitudes and opinions about HIV and AIDS among pharmacy students. Methods: A total of 316 pharmacy students of year three and onwards took part in the survey. Students were asked to fill in questionnaires with consent forms. The results were analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Results: The data indicated that awareness about HIV and AIDS was moderate. High level of awareness was seen for major routes of HIV transmissions, but lower level of awareness was seen for other modes of transmission like circumcision, visiting barbers, and blood splashes on outer body surface. Only 19.3% and 13.3% of respondents were aware about HIV prevention by sex abstinence and by staying faithful to one partner respectively. The respondents had doubts in keeping HIV and AIDS patients in close vicinity to them and their family. Conclusion: According to the findings, the respondents had a few misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention. Data from this survey may be useful to hold programs and campaigns designed to convey accurate information about HIV transmission and prevention. Talks and media campaigns should also be carried out to change their attitudes and opinions about HIV and AIDS

Changes in the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with combretum lanceolatum flowers extract

Aims: The study investigated the in vivo antioxidant activity and the in vitro radical scavenging capacity of the Combretum lanceolatum Pohl (Combretaceae) flowers ethanolic extract (ClEtOH) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil; between February 2012 and December 2012. Methodology: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Normal rats treated with water/vehicle (N); diabetic rats treated with water (DC); diabetic rats treated with 250 mg/kg (DT250) or with 500mg/kg (DT500) of ClEtOH. After 21 days of treatment, liver samples were used for the analysis of the oxidative stress biomarkers and activity of antioxidant enzymes. In vitro radical scavenger capacity was investigated by the following methods: DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation decolorization and crocin bleaching assays. Results: Significant oxidative stress was observed in liver of DC, since the malondialdehyde (MDA, biomarker of lipoperoxidation) levels were increased in comparison with N. Increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were also observed in DC, which could represent a compensatory mechanism against oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) levels were lower and similar between N and DC. The MDA levels were significantly decreased in liver of rats from DT250 and DT500, reaching levels similar those of N, suggesting that ClEtOH prevented lipoperoxidation. The treatment of diabetic rats with ClEtOH also increased the GSH levels, as well as increased the GSH-Px activity, and did not change the SOD activity. The results of in vitro radical scavenging capacity indicated that ClEtOH is highly active. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ClEtOH has antioxidant properties in liver of diabetic rats, decreasing lipoperoxidation and increasing the endogenous antioxidant responses. Both the antihyperglycemic effect and the capacity to scavenge free radicals may be related to the antioxidant activity of ClEtOH in diabetes

Combretum lanceolatum flowers extract shows antidiabetic activity through activation of AMPK by quercetin

The present study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of the Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler, Combretaceae, flowers extract (ClEtOH) in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats were divided into four groups: diabetic control, diabetic treated with 500 mg/kg of metformin and diabetic treated with 250 or 500 mg/kg of ClEtOH for 21 days. The treatment of diabetic rats with 500 mg/kg of ClEtOH promoted an increase in the weight of liver, white adipose tissues and skeletal muscles, improving body weight gain. Diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of ClEtOH also presented reduction in glycemia, glycosuria and urinary urea levels, and increase in liver glycogen content. HPLC chromatogram showed that quercetin is the major compound in the extract. The phosphorylation levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase were increased in liver slices incubated in vitro with 50 µg/mL of ClEtOH, similarly to the incubation with metformin (50 µg/mL) or quercetin (10 µg/mL). The antihyperglycemic effect of ClEtOH was similar to that of metformin and appears to be through inhibition of gluconeogenesis, since urinary urea was reduced and skeletal muscle mass was increased. These data indicate that the antidiabetic activity of the Combretum lanceolatum extract could be mediated, at least in part, through activation of adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase by quercetin