Students Investigating the Antiproliferative Effects of Synthesized Drugs on Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells

The potential for personalized cancer management has long intrigued experienced researchers as well as the naïve student intern. Personalized cancer treatments based on a tumor's genetic profile are now feasible and can reveal both the cells' susceptibility and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In a weeklong laboratory investigation that mirrors current cancer research, undergraduate and advanced high school students determine the efficacy of common pharmacological agents through in vitro testing. Using mouse mammary tumor cell cultures treated with “unknown” drugs historically recommended for breast cancer treatment, students are introduced to common molecular biology techniques from in vitro cell culture to fluorescence microscopy. Student understanding is assessed through laboratory reports and the successful identification of the unknown drug. The sequence of doing the experiment, applying logic, and constructing a hypothesis gives the students time to discover the rationale behind the cellular drug resistance assay. The breast cancer experiment has been field tested during the past 5 yr with more than 200 precollege/undergraduate interns through the Gains in the Education of Mathematics and Science program hosted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Lipoic acid pretreatment attenuates ferric chloride-induced seizures in the rat

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often complicated by the occurrence of seizures, which adversely affect clinical outcome. The risk of seizures increases to the extent that the injury is associated with sub-arachnoid hemorrhage and hematoma. A likely mechanism of seizure development post-TBI is decompartmentalization of iron from extravasated hemoglobin (Hb). It is well known that iron can catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on this proposed mechanism, a descriptive model of TBI-induced seizures, using intracortical injection of iron salts, was developed by Willmore. We have added modifications to enhance the quantifiability of seizure activity and have used the model to examine the therapeutic efficacy of lipoic acids (ROS-scavenging antioxidants). Male SD rats were pretreated with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) or appropriate vehicles. Under anesthesia, unilateral intracortical infusions of ferric chloride were performed stereotaxically. EEG was recorded via extradural electrodes. EEG was sampled for 10 s of every 60-s interval over a 24-h period following injection of ferric chloride. We measured the number of seconds of epileptiform discharges or seizure activity in every 10-s EEG sample during the 24 h. The EEGs of rats pretreated with ALA and DHLA exhibited 55% less seizure activity than vehicle-treated ferric chloride-injected animals, suggesting that lipoic acids may be of use in preventing or attenuating TBI-induced seizures

Disulfiram Attenuates Drug-Primed Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking via Inhibition of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase

The antialcoholism medication disulfiram (Antabuse) inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which results in the accumulation of acetaldehyde upon ethanol ingestion and produces the aversive ‘Antabuse reaction' that deters alcohol consumption. Disulfiram has also been shown to deter cocaine use, even in the absence of an interaction with alcohol, indicating the existence of an ALDH-independent therapeutic mechanism. We hypothesized that disulfiram's inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme that converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE) in noradrenergic neurons, underlies the drug's ability to treat cocaine dependence. We tested the effects of disulfiram on cocaine and food self-administration behavior and drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. We then compared the effects of disulfiram with those of the selective DBH inhibitor, nepicastat. Disulfiram, at a dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) that reduced brain NE by ∼40%, did not alter the response for food or cocaine on a fixed ratio 1 schedule, whereas it completely blocked cocaine-primed (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstatement of drug seeking following extinction. A lower dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) that did not reduce NE had no effect on cocaine-primed reinstatement. Nepicastat recapitulated the behavioral effects of disulfiram (100 mg/kg) at a dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) that produced a similar reduction in brain NE. Food-primed reinstatement of food seeking was not impaired by DBH inhibition. Our results suggest that disulfiram's efficacy in the treatment of cocaine addiction is associated with the inhibition of DBH and interference with the ability of environmental stimuli to trigger relapse