Causes of avoidable mortality through effective healthcare services : a review of the literature

Foram revisados os principais artigos que discutem conceitualmente ou empiricamente as listas de causas de morte evitáveis (CME) por ações efetivas dos serviços de saúde, publicados entre 1975 e 2004. O objetivo foi rever o conceito, a idade limite a ser considerada, os usos e tipos de análises e as classificações propostas para as CME. Além disso, foram revisadas as listas existentes de CME, com especial destaque à mortalidade infantil e perinatal. Identificou-se extensa publicação internacional, em contraste com escasso número de artigos nacionais. As CME podem ser definidas como aquelas que são totalmente ou parcialmente prevenidas pela efetiva ação dos serviços de saúde disponível (ou acessível) em um determinado local e momento histórico. Dessa forma, essas causas devem ser revisadas à luz da evolução do conhecimento e da tecnologia disponível para a prática da atenção à saúde. São discutidos os processos que poderiam apoiar o desenvolvimento de listas adequadas para o Brasil, incluindo definição das CME, validação e detalhamento de quesitos necessários para o aprofundamento do debate. Conclui-se que, apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, existe a necessidade de se iniciar processos para a definição das listas brasileiras de CME pela ação do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro.Theoretical and empirical articles analyzing the Causes of Avoidable Mortality (CAM) due to healthcare published between 1975 and 2004 were reviewed. The purpose was to review the concepts and age limits for these analyses, as well as the uses and types of indicators and ratings for the CAM. Additionally, CAM listings for infant and perinatal mortality were reviewed. Many international articles were found, contrasting with a very small number of Brazilian articles. CAM may be conceptualized as being totally or partially preventable by the effective healthcare measures available (or accessible) at a given time and place. Consequently, these CAM lists must be reviewed, based on the knowledge and improvements in healthcare technology. Further developments should be deployed in support of adequate Brazilian listings, including the definition of CAM, with validation and details regarding the underlying assumptions in order to encourage discussions in greater depth. In conclusion, and despite some methodological difficulties, a process should be launched to define the Brazilian CAM listings through the actions of Brazil’s National Health System

Buscando novas modelagens em saude : as contribuições do projeto vida e do acolhimento para a mudança do processo de trabalho na rede publica de Belo Horizonte, 1993-1996

Orientador : Emerson Elias MerhyTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasDoutorad

Meta-evaluation of studies on community physical activity programs in Brazil

Funding Information: The authors wish to thank the Brazilian Graduate Studies Coordinating Board (CAPES) for the PhD scholarship to Alanna Gomes da Silva. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Background: The use of the meta-evaluation, especially in health promotion programs, is still scarce. Aim: To verify if the evaluation studies conducted about the Academia da Cidade Programme and the Academia da Saúde Programme comply with the principles and standards of the meta-evaluation. Methods: This meta-evaluation study was conducted using articles from scientific databases. The parameters of utility, propriety, and accuracy, as defined by the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation, and specificity, were applied. The classification of the studies was based on the Stufflebeam's checklist. Results: Of the 18 selected articles, the principle of utility was fully met in 50%, given that 27.8% were classified as very good, 5.6% as good, and 16.7% as fair. The principle of propriety mostly received the result of very good (44.4%), followed by excellent (38.9%), good (11.15), and weak (5.6%). The principle of accuracy was classified as excellent in 44.4% of the studies, considering that in 33.3% it was considered very good; 11.1% good, and 11.1% fair. Specificity was classified as very good in 94.4% of the studies. Conclusion: The physical activity community programs evaluations were carried out in accordance to the principles and standards of meta-evaluation tenets. Most studies were classified as excellent regarding the principle of utility and accuracy, or very good as for the principle of propriety and specificity.publishersversionpublishe

Desigualdades de sexo e escolaridade em fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas em adultos Brasileiros, por meio de inquéritos telefônicos

OBJECTIVES: To assess risk and protective factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) and to identify social inequalities in their distribution among Brazilian adults. METHODS: The data used were collected in 2007 through VIGITEL, an ongoing population-based telephone survey. This surveillance system was implemented in all of the Brazilian State capitals, over 54,000 interviews were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios for trends at different schooling levels were calculated using Poisson regression with linear models. RESULTS: These analyses have shown differences in the prevalence of risk and protective factors for CNCD by gender and schooling. Among men, the prevalence ratios of overweight, consumption of meat with visible fat, and dyslipidemia were higher among men with more schooling, while tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, and high-blood pressure were lower. Among women, tobacco use, overweight, obesity, high-blood pressure and diabetes were lower among men with more schooling, and consumption of meat with visible fat and sedentary lifestyles were higher. As for protective factors, fruit and vegetables intake and physical activity were higher in both men and women with more schooling. CONCLUSION: Gender and schooling influence on risk and protective factors for CNCD, being the values less favorable for men. vigitel is a useful tool for monitoring these factors amongst the Brazilian population.OBJETIVOS: Analisar os fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (DCNT) e identificar as desigualdades sociais na sua distribuição entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Os dados utilizados foram coletados em 2007, por meio do VIGITEL, inquérito telefônico contínuo, em todas as capitais dos estados do Brasil, tendo sido analisadas pouco mais de 54.000 entrevistas. Foi calculada a razão de prevalência ajustada por idade, e as tendências em diversos níveis de escolaridade foram calculadas utilizando a regressão de Poisson com modelos lineares. RESULTADOS: Foram descritas diferenças na prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, por sexo e escolaridade. Entre homens, as prevalências do excesso de peso, consumo de carnes com gordura aparente e dislipidemia foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade, enquanto o uso do tabaco, estilo de vida sedentário e hipertensão arterial foram menores. Entre as mulheres, o uso do tabaco, excesso de peso, obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes foram menores na faixa de maior escolaridade. O consumo de carnes com gorduras visíveis e estilos de vida sedentários foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade. Quanto aos fatores de proteção, o consumo de frutas e verduras e atividade física aumentaram em homens e mulheres com o aumento da escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Sexo e escolaridade exercem influência nos fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, com valores mais desfavoráveis para os homens. O VIGITEL é uma ferramenta importante no monitoramento destes fatores junto à população brasileira

Time trends of physical activity and television viewing time in Brazil: 2006-2012

Background: Despite recent advances in surveillance of physical activity, data on time trends of physical activity in low and middle-income countries are lacking. This study describes time trends in physical activity and television viewing between 2006 and 2012 among Brazilian adults. Methods: Data from 371,271 adult participants (18 + years) in the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Illnesses using Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) were analysed. Time trends in leisure-time physical activity (≥ 5 days/wk; ≥ 30 min/day), transportation physical activity (using bicycle or walking for ≥ 30 minutes per day as a means of transportation to/from work) and proportion of participants spending more than three hours per day watching television were analysed. Annual changes according to sex, age and years of schooling were calculated. Results: There was an increase in leisure-time physical activity from 12.8% in 2006 to 14.9% in 2012 (annual increase of 1.9%; p < 0.001). This increase was more marked in younger participants and those with high-school education. Transportation physical activity decreased 12.9% per year (p < 0.001) from 2006 to 2008 and 5.8% per year from 2009 to 2012 (p < 0.001). The annual decline in television viewing time was 5% (p < 0.001) between 2006 and 2009 and 2% (p = 0.16) between 2010 and 2012. Conclusion: National survey data from Brazil indicate that leisure-time physical activity appears to be increasing, while television viewing time appears to be decreasing in recent years. However, transportation physical activity has been declining. These data are important for informing national public health policies

Estimativas em pequenas áreas geográficas: um passo necessário para a redução das desigualdades em saúde

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Causas do bullying: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar

Objective: to identify the characteristics and reasons reported by Brazilian students for school bullying. Method: this cross-sectional study uses data from an epidemiological survey (National Survey of School Health) conducted in 2012. A total of 109,104 9th grade students from private and public schools participated. Data were collected through a self-applied questionnaire and the analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20, Complex Samples Module. Results: the prevalence of bullying was 7.2%, most frequently affecting Afro-descendant or indigenous younger boys, whose mothers were characterized by low levels of education. In regard to the reasons/causes of bullying, 51.2% did not specify; the second highest frequency of victimization was related to body appearance (18.6%); followed by facial appearance (16.2%); race/color (6.8%); sexual orientation 2.9%; religion 2.5%; and region of origin 1.7%. The results are similar to those found in other sociocultural contexts. Conclusion: the problem belongs to the health field because it gathers aspects that determine the students' health-disease-care continuum.Objetivo: identificar as características e os motivos associados ao bullying escolar, por adolescentes brasileiros. Método: trata-se de uma investigação transversal, com dados provenientes de um inquérito epidemiológico (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar), realizado em 2012. Participaram do estudo 109.104 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas e privadas, localizadas em zonas urbanas ou rurais, de todo território brasileiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário autoaplicável e a análise foi realizada no software SPSS, versão 20, utilizando procedimentos do Complex Samples Module. Resultados: a prevalência de bullying identificada no estudo foi de 7,2%, sendo mais frequente no sexo masculino, em alunos mais jovens, de cor preta e indígena, e com mães sem nenhuma escolaridade. Dentre as causas/motivos do bullying, 51,2% não souberam especificar, e a segunda maior frequência de vitimização foi relacionada à aparência do corpo (18,6%), seguida da aparência do rosto (16,2%), raça/cor (6,8%), orientação sexual (2,9%), religião (2,5%) e região de origem (1,7%). Os resultados obtidos são semelhantes aos encontrados em outros contextos socioculturais. Conclusão: evidencia-se a problemática como pertencente ao domínio da área da saúde, uma vez que congrega determinantes para reflexão sobre o processo saúdedoença- cuidado dos escolares.Objetivo: identificar las características y los motivos asociados por adolescentes brasileños al bullying escolar. Método: se trata de una investigación transversal, con datos provenientes de una encuesta epidemiológica (Investigación Nacional de Salud del Escolar) realizada en 2012. Participaron del estudio 109.104 estudiantes del 9º año de la enseñanza fundamental, de escuelas públicas y privadas, localizadas en zonas urbanas o rurales, en todo el territorio brasileño. La recolección de datos ocurrió por medio de un cuestionario autoaplicable y el análisis fue realizado con el programa SPSS versión 20, utilizando procedimientos del Complex Samples Module. Resultados: la prevalencia de bullying identificada en el estudio fue de 7,2%, y fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino, en alumnos más jóvenes, de color negro e indígena, cuyas madres no tenían ninguna escolaridad. Entre las causas/motivos del bullying, 51,2% no supieron especificar, la segunda mayor frecuencia de victimización fue relacionada a la apariencia del cuerpo (18,6%), seguida de la apariencia del rostro (16,2%), raza/color (6,8%), orientación sexual 2,9%, religión 2,5%, región de origen 1,7%. Los resultados obtenidos son semejantes a los encontrados en otros contextos socioculturales. Conclusión: se evidenció la problemática como perteneciente al dominio del área de la salud, una vez que congrega determinantes para pensar el proceso salud-enfermedad-cuidado de los escolares

Social Inequalities In The Prevalence Of Self-reported Chronic Non-communicable Diseases In Brazil: National Health Survey 2013

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Considering the high socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil related to occurrence of morbidity and premature mortality, the objective of this study was to analyze inequalities in self-reported prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) and in the physical limitations caused by these diseases, among the Brazilian adult population, according to sociodemographic variables. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed information on 60,202 individuals who formed a representative sample of Brazilian adults interviewed for the National Health Survey 2013. Disparities by schooling levels and possession of private health insurance were assessed by calculating the prevalence (P) and prevalence ratio (PR) of each of the 13 NCDs and any associated limitations, while controlling for other socioeconomic and demographic variables. Results: 45 % of the Brazilian adult population reported having at least one NCD. The prevalence ratio was greater among women (1.24 CI 1.21-1.28), individuals over 55 years of age, individuals with low schooling levels (illiterate and incomplete elementary education) (1.08 CI 1.02-1.14) and people living in the Southeast (1.10 CI 1.04-1.16), South (1.26 CI 1.19-1.34) and Central-West (1.11 CI 1.05-1.18) regions of the country. Diseases such as diabetes (1.42 CI 1.13-1.47), hypertension (1.17 CI 1.06-1.28), stroke (2.52 CI 1.74-3.66), arthritis (1.4 CI 1.11-1.77), spinal problems (1.39 CI.1.25-1.56), and chronic renal failure (1.65 CI 1.10.2.46), were more prevalent among adults with low education. For most NCDs, greater reports of limitations were associated with lower schooling levels and lack of private health insurance. Conclusion: Populations with lower schooling levels and lack of private health insurance present higher prevalence of various NCD and greater degrees of limitation due to these diseases. Results reveal the extent of social inequalities that persist with regard to occurrence and the impact of NCDs in Brazil.15Ministry of Health of Brazil - funded the National Health Research of the National Scientific and Technological Development Council (CNPq) [307865/2014-2]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq