Microstructure development of BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films deposited by pulsed laser deposition on platinum substrates

BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films around the morphotropic phase boundary were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on polycrystalline Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrates. X-ray analysis confirms that 0.6BiFeO3-0.4PbTiO3 films are (0 0 1) tetragonal preferentially orientated due to lattice matching with the underlying substrate. The misfit strain at the substrate-film interface is relieved by a ∼19% orientation transformation from (0 0 1) to (1 0 0) due to the lattice mismatch at the substrate-film interface and the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and deposited film. 0.7BiFeO3-0. 3PbTiO3 films are mixed-phase rhombohedral-tetragonal with (0 0 1)/(1 1 1) preferential orientation due to the lattice match to the (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) of the underlying platinum as well as to being close to the morphotropic phase boundary. Inconsistent structural and electrical properties in reported BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films are explained in terms of film morphology and diffusion of bismuth into platinum. Films below ∼220 nm thickness produce short circuits due to a Volmer-Weber growth mechanism which results in physical defects within the films. Films above this critical thickness also produce variable electrical properties due to diffusion of bismuth into the underlying platinum electrode which has been confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

He II lambda-4686 in Eta Carinae: Collapse of the Wind-Wind Collision Region During Periastron Passage

The periodic spectroscopic events in Eta Carinae are now well established and occur near the periastron passage of two massive stars in a very eccentric orbit. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the variations of different spectral features, such as an eclipse by the wind-wind collision boundary, a shell ejection from the primary star or accretion of its wind onto the secondary. All of them have problems explaining all the observed phenomena. To better understand the nature of the cyclic events we performed a dense monitoring of Eta Carinae with 5 Southern telescopes during the 2009 low excitation event, resulting in a set of data of unprecedented quality and sampling. The intrinsic luminosity of the He II lambda-4686 emission line (L approx 310 solar L) just before periastron reveals the presence of a very luminous transient source of extreme UV radiation emitted in the wind-wind collision (WWC) region. Clumps in the primary's wind probably explain the flare-like behavior of both the X-ray and He II lambda-4686 light-curves. After a short-lived minimum, He II lambda-4686 emission rises again to a new maximum, when X-rays are still absent or very weak. We interpret this as a collapse of the WWC onto the "surface" of the secondary star, switching off the hard X-ray source and diminishing the WWC shock cone. The recovery from this state is controlled by the momentum balance between the secondary's wind and the clumps in the primary's wind

Measurement of single-diffractive dijet production in proton–proton collisions at s=8 TeV\sqrt{s} = 8\,\text {Te}\text {V} with the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Measurements are presented of the single-diffractive dijet cross section and the diffractive cross section as a function of the proton fractional momentum loss ξ ξ and the four-momentum transfer squared t. Both processes p p → p X p p → p X and p p → X p p p → X p , i.e. with the proton scattering to either side of the interaction point, are measured, where X X includes at least two jets; the results of the two processes are averaged. The analyses are based on data collected simultaneously with the CMS and TOTEM detectors at the LHC in proton–proton collisions at s √ =8TeV s=8TeV during a dedicated run with β ∗ =90m β∗=90m at low instantaneous luminosity and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 37.5nb −1 37.5nb−1 . The single-diffractive dijet cross section σ p X jj σjj p X , in the kinematic region ξ<0.1 ξ<0.1 , 0.03<|t|<1GeV 2 0.03<|t|<1GeV2 , with at least two jets with transverse momentum p T >40GeV pT>40GeV , and pseudorapidity |η|<4.4 |η|<4.4 , is 21.7±0.9(stat) +3.0 −3.3 (syst)±0.9(lumi)nb 21.7±0.9(stat)−3.3+3.0(syst)±0.9(lumi)nb . The ratio of the single-diffractive to inclusive dijet yields, normalised per unit of ξ ξ , is presented as a function of x, the longitudinal momentum fraction of the proton carried by the struck parton. The ratio in the kinematic region defined above, for x values in the range −2.9≤log 10 x≤−1.6 −2.9≤log10⁡x≤−1.6 , is R=(σ p X jj /Δξ)/σ jj =0.025±0.001(stat)±0.003(syst) R=(σjj p X /Δξ)/σjj=0.025±0.001(stat)±0.003(syst) , where σ p X jj σjj p X and σ jj σjj are the single-diffractive and inclusive dijet cross sections, respectively. The results are compared with predictions from models of diffractive and nondiffractive interactions. Monte Carlo predictions based on the HERA diffractive parton distribution functions agree well with the data when corrected for the effect of soft rescattering between the spectator partons

Dinamika Pembuatan Kebijakan Desentralisasi di Timor-Leste

Pembuatan kebijakan publik bukanlah suatu proses yang mudah dan sederhana. Hal ini disebabkan karena banyak faktor atau kekuatan-kekuatan yang berpengaruh terhadap proses tersebut. Pembuatan kebijakan desentralisasi di Timor-Leste diasumsikan mengalami hal demikian, sehingga dalam prosesnya dapat menimbulkan dinamika tertentu dalam penetapan keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: pertama , mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan isu desentralisasi yang berkembang di Timor-Leste; kedua , menganalisis kepentingan aktor lembaga kebijakan dalam menanggapi isu desentralisasi; ketiga , menjelaskan berkembangnya isu desentralisasi menjadi agenda kebijakan; dan keempat , menjelaskan proses pembahasan agenda kebijakan desentralisasi menjadi Undang-Undang. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan hasil-hasil penelitian yang bersumber pada data dan informasi yang diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap key informant , observasi dan telaah dokumen. Data dan informasi tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis model interaktif yang meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, wacana tentang desentralisasi telah diisukan secara vertikal, top-down , dari pemerintah kepada publik, dan hal ini telah menimbulkan perhatian yang luas dari masyarakat, bahkan hal ini telah menjadi komoditas politik untuk memperjuangkan atau mempertahankan kekuasaan tertentu. Kedua, kepentingan aktor politik lebih mewarnai isu desentralisasi untuk memperjuangkan dan/atau mempertahankan kekuasaan tertentu. Ketiga, sosialisasi, pengalaman pelaksanaan program pembangunan lokal, dan konsultasi telah dimanfaatkan sebagai cara-cara untuk menyusun agenda, baik agenda sistemik maupun agenda institusional. Dan yang terakhir, keempat , faktor distribusi kewenangan telah menyebabkan proses pembahasan agenda kebijakan desentralisasi mengalami penundaan sehingga, akhirnya harus mengalami selang waktu (kadaluarsa)

A Mathematical Analysis of Zeolites

Zeolites are naturally occurring minerals consisting of simple building blocks which mathematically correspond to tetrahedra. As a purely combinatorial concept, n-dimensional zeolites may be defined as line graphs of (n + 1)-regular graphs. Not all combinatorial zeolites have geometric realizations. We introduce the layer construction to obtain an (n + 1) dimensional geometric zeolite from an n-dimensional one. By interpreting the Harborth graph as a finite 2-dimensional geometric zeolite, we obtain, using the layer construction, a fi nite 3-dimensional geometric zeolite, which might be synthesized