Light Element Nucleosynthesis in a Molecular Cloud Interacting with a Supernova Remnant and the Origin of Beryllium-10 in the Protosolar Nebula

The presence of short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system provides important information about the astrophysical environment in which the solar system formed. The discovery of now extinct $^{10}$Be in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) with Fractionation and Unidentified Nuclear isotope anomalies (FUN-CAIs) suggests that a baseline concentration of $^{10}$Be in the early solar system was inherited from the protosolar molecular cloud. In this paper, we first show that the $^{10}$Be recorded in FUN-CAIs cannot have been produced in situ by cosmic-ray (CR) irradiation of the FUN-CAIs themselves. We then show that trapping of Galactic CRs (GCRs) in the collapsing presolar cloud core induced a negligible $^{10}$Be contamination of the protosolar nebula. Irradiation of the presolar molecular cloud by background GCRs produced a steady-state $^{10}$Be/$^9$Be ratio ~2.3 times lower than the ratio recorded in FUN-CAIs, which suggests that the presolar cloud was irradiated by an additional source of CRs. Considering a detailed model for CR acceleration in a supernova remnant (SNR), we find that the $^{10}$Be abundance recorded in FUN-CAIs can be explained within two alternative scenarios: (i) the irradiation of a giant molecular cloud by CRs produced by >50 supernovae exploding in a superbubble of hot gas generated by a large star cluster of at least 20,000 members and (ii) the irradiation of the presolar molecular cloud by freshly accelerated CRs escaped from an isolated SNR at the end of the Sedov-Taylor phase. The second model naturally provides an explanation for the injection of other short-lived radionuclides of stellar origin into the cold presolar molecular cloud ($^{26}$Al, $^{41}$Ca and $^{36}$Cl) and is in agreement with the solar system originating from the collapse of a molecular cloud shocked by a supernova blast wave.Comment: 21 pages (ApJ emulator style), 13 figures. Accepted to ApJ (in press

Determination of alpha spectroscopic factors for unbound 17O states

It has been recently suggested that hydrogen ingestion into the helium shell of massive stars could lead to high 13C and 15N excesses when the blast of a core collapse supernova (ccSN) passes through its helium shell. This prediction questions the origin of extremely high 13C and 15N abundances observed in rare presolar SiC grains which is usually attributed to classical novae. In this context the 13N(α,p)16O reaction plays an important role since it is in competition with 13N β+-decay to 13C. As a first step to the determination of the 13N(α,p)16O reaction rate, we present a study aiming at the determination of alpha spectroscopic factors of 17O states which are the analog ones to those in 17F, the compound nucleus of the 13N(α,p)16O reaction

Fusion cross section measurements of astrophysical interest for light heavy ions systems within the STELLA project

This contribution is focused on the STELLA project (STELlar LAboratory), which aims at the measurement of fusion cross sections between light heavy ions like 12C+12C, 12C+16O or 16O+16O at deep subbarrier energies. The gamma-particle coincidence technique is used in order to reduce background contributions that become dominant for measurements in the nanobarn regime. The experimental setup composed of an ultra high vacuum reaction chamber, a set of 3 silicon strip detectors, up to 36 LaBr3(Ce) scintillators from the UK FATIMA collaboration, and a fast rotating target system will be described. The 12C+12C fusion reaction has been studied from Elab = 11 to 5.6 MeV using STELLA at the Andromède facility in Orsay, France. Preliminary commissioning results are presented in this article

First measurement of the 34S(p,γ)35Cl reaction rate through indirect methods for presolar nova grains

Sulphur isotopic ratio measurements may help to establish the astrophysical sites in which certain presolar grains were formed. Nova model predictions of the 34S/32S ratio are, however, unreliable due to the lack of an experimental 34S(p,γ)35Cl reaction rate. To this end, we have measured the 34S(3He,d)35Cl reaction at 20 MeV using a high resolution quadrupole-dipole-dipole-dipole magnetic spectrograph. Twenty-two levels over 6.2 MeV<Ex(35Cl)<7.4 MeV were identified, ten of which were previously unobserved. Proton-transfer spectroscopic factors have been measured for the first time over the energy range relevant for novae. With this new spectroscopic information a new 34S(p,γ)35Cl reaction rate has been determined using a Monte Carlo method. Hydrodynamic nova model calculations have been performed using this new reaction rate. These models show that remaining uncertainties in the 34S(p,γ) rate affect  nucleosynthesis predictions by less than a factor of 1.4, and predict a 34S/32S isotopic ratio of 0.014–0.017. Since recent type II supernova models predict 34S/32S=0.026−0.053, the 34S/32S isotopic ratio may be used, in conjunction with other isotopic signatures, to distinguish presolar grains from oxygen-neon nova and type II supernova origin. Our results address a key nuclear physics uncertainty on which recent considerations discounting the nova origin of several grains depend

Evaluation of the 13N(α,p)16O thermonuclear reaction rate and its impact on the isotopic composition of supernova grains

It has been suggested that hydrogen ingestion into the helium shell of massive stars could lead to high $^{13}$C and $^{15}$N excesses when the shock of a core-collapse supernova passes through its helium shell. This prediction questions the origin of extremely high $^{13}$C and $^{15}$N abundances observed in rare presolar SiC grains which is usually attributed to classical novae. In this context $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O the reaction plays an important role since it is in competition with $^{13}$N $\beta^+$-decay to $^{13}$C. The $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O reaction rate used in stellar evolution calculations comes from the CF88 compilation with very scarce information on the origin of this rate. The goal of this work is to provide a recommended $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O reaction rate, based on available experimental data. Unbound nuclear states in the $^{17}$F compound nucleus were studied using the spectroscopic information of the analog states in $^{17}$O nucleus that were measured at the Alto facility using the $^{13}$C($^7$Li,t)$^{17}$O alpha-transfer reaction, and spectroscopic factors were derived using a DWBA analysis. This spectroscopic information was used to calculate a recommended $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O reaction rate with meaningful uncertainty using a Monte Carlo approach. The present $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O reaction rate is found to be within a factor of two of the previous evaluation, with a typical uncertainty of a factor 2-3. The source of this uncertainty comes from the three resonances at $E_r^{c.m.} = 221$, 741 and 959 keV. This new error estimation translates to an overall uncertainty in the $^{13}$C production of a factor of 50. The main source of uncertainty on the re-evaluated $^{13}$N($\alpha$,p)$^{16}$O reaction rate currently comes from the uncertain alpha-width of relevant $^{17}$F states

Trojan Horse Method experiments with radioactive ion beams

The Trojan Horse Method (THM) is an indirect method that allows to get information about a two body reaction cross-section even at very low energy, avoiding the suppression effects due to the presence of the Coulomb barrier. The method requires a very accurate measurement of a three body reaction in order to reconstruct the whole kinematics and discriminate among different reaction mechanisms that can populate the same final state. These requirements hardly match with the typical low intensity and large divergence of radioactive ion beams (RIBs), and experimental improvements are mandatory for the applicability of the method. The first reaction induced by a radio activeion beam studied by applying the THM was the 18F(p,α)15O. Two experiments were performed in two different laboratories and using different experimental set-ups. The two experiments will be discussed and some results will be presented

Etude de la réaction 18F(p,alpha)15O par réction de transfert pour application à l'émission gamma des novae

The gamma-ray emission of novae at and below 511 keV is mainly due to the positron annihilation coming from the 18F beta+ decay. The interpretation from possible observations of this emision, with the INTEGRAL satellite for example, requieres a good knowledge of the 18F nucleosynthesis. In this context, the 18F(p,alpha)15O reaction rate is the most uncertain due to two resonances corresponding to 19Ne excited states of Ex = 6.419 and 6.449 MeV whose proton widths are totally unknown. We determined these proton widths using a one nucleon transfer reaction D(18F,p alpha)15N populating the 19F analog levels of the states of astrophysical interest. We used a 18F radioactive beam accelerated to 14 MeV at the "Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron" of Louvain--la--Neuve inpinging on a CD2 target in reverse kinematics as well as a the silicium multistrip detector LEDA. A DWBA analysis allowed to obtain the proton widths of the two resonances and showed that their contribution to the reaction rate could not be neglected. A carefull study of the remaining uncertainties on the reaction rate has been done, especially taking into account interferences between these two resonances and another one at higher energy in 19Ne. The reaction rate obtained only slightly differs from the previous one but is now established on a firmer basis. This will allow a better interpretation of futures gamma-ray observations and hence better constraints on astrophysical models.L'émission gamma des novae à, et en dessous, de 511 keV provient essentiellement de l'annihilation des positrons venant de la décroissance beta+ du 18F. L'interprétation de cette émission, à l'aide d'observations par le satellite INTEGRAL par exemple, nécessite une bonne connaissance de la nucléosynthèse du 18F. Dans ce contexte, le taux de la réaction 18F(p,alpha)15O est le moins bien connu à cause de deux résonances correspondant aux niveaux excités Ex = 6.419 et 6.449 MeV dans le 19Ne dont les largeurs protons sont totalement inconnues. Nous avons déterminé ces largeurs protons par le biais d'une réaction de transfert d'un nucléon D(18F,p alpha)15N peuplant les niveaux analogues, dans le 19F, des niveaux d'intérêt astrophysique. Nous avons utilisé un faisceau radioactif de 18F accéléré à 14 MeV au Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron de Louvain--la--Neuve sur une cible de CD2 en cinématique inverse ainsi que le détecteur multi--piste au silicium LEDA. Une analyse en DWBA a permi de déterminer la largeur proton de ces deux résonances et a montré qu'elles ne pouvaient pas être négligées dans le calcul du taux de réaction. Une étude détaillée des incertitudes restantes sur le taux de réaction a été entreprise et particulièrement en ce qui concerne les interférences entre ces résonances et une autre résonance à plus haute énergie dans le 19Ne. Le taux de réaction ainsi établi diffère peu de l'ancien taux nominal mais repose maintenant sur des bases plus solides permettant une meilleure interprétation des futures observations gamma des novae et donc une meilleure contrainte des modèles astrophysiques

Etude de la réaction 18F(p,alpha)15O par réction de transfert pour application à l'émission gamma des novae

The gamma-ray emission of novae at and below 511 keV is mainly due to the positron annihilation coming from the 18F beta+ decay. The interpretation from possible observations of this emision, with the INTEGRAL satellite for example, requieres a good knowledge of the 18F nucleosynthesis. In this context, the 18F(p,alpha)15O reaction rate is the most uncertain due to two resonances corresponding to 19Ne excited states of Ex = 6.419 and 6.449 MeV whose proton widths are totally unknown. We determined these proton widths using a one nucleon transfer reaction D(18F,p alpha)15N populating the 19F analog levels of the states of astrophysical interest. We used a 18F radioactive beam accelerated to 14 MeV at the "Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron" of Louvain--la--Neuve inpinging on a CD2 target in reverse kinematics as well as a the silicium multistrip detector LEDA. A DWBA analysis allowed to obtain the proton widths of the two resonances and showed that their contribution to the reaction rate could not be neglected. A carefull study of the remaining uncertainties on the reaction rate has been done, especially taking into account interferences between these two resonances and another one at higher energy in 19Ne. The reaction rate obtained only slightly differs from the previous one but is now established on a firmer basis. This will allow a better interpretation of futures gamma-ray observations and hence better constraints on astrophysical models.L'émission gamma des novae à, et en dessous, de 511 keV provient essentiellement de l'annihilation des positrons venant de la décroissance beta+ du 18F. L'interprétation de cette émission, à l'aide d'observations par le satellite INTEGRAL par exemple, nécessite une bonne connaissance de la nucléosynthèse du 18F. Dans ce contexte, le taux de la réaction 18F(p,alpha)15O est le moins bien connu à cause de deux résonances correspondant aux niveaux excités Ex = 6.419 et 6.449 MeV dans le 19Ne dont les largeurs protons sont totalement inconnues. Nous avons déterminé ces largeurs protons par le biais d'une réaction de transfert d'un nucléon D(18F,p alpha)15N peuplant les niveaux analogues, dans le 19F, des niveaux d'intérêt astrophysique. Nous avons utilisé un faisceau radioactif de 18F accéléré à 14 MeV au Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron de Louvain--la--Neuve sur une cible de CD2 en cinématique inverse ainsi que le détecteur multi--piste au silicium LEDA. Une analyse en DWBA a permi de déterminer la largeur proton de ces deux résonances et a montré qu'elles ne pouvaient pas être négligées dans le calcul du taux de réaction. Une étude détaillée des incertitudes restantes sur le taux de réaction a été entreprise et particulièrement en ce qui concerne les interférences entre ces résonances et une autre résonance à plus haute énergie dans le 19Ne. Le taux de réaction ainsi établi diffère peu de l'ancien taux nominal mais repose maintenant sur des bases plus solides permettant une meilleure interprétation des futures observations gamma des novae et donc une meilleure contrainte des modèles astrophysiques

Correlated energy uncertainties in reaction rate calculations

Context. Monte Carlo methods can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of a reaction rate that arises from many uncertain nuclear inputs. However, until now no attempt has been made to find the effect of correlated energy uncertainties in input resonance parameters. Aims. Our goal is to investigate the impact of correlated resonance energy uncertainties on reaction rates. Methods. Using a combination of numerical and Monte Carlo variation of resonance energies, the effect of correlations are investigated. Five reactions are considered: two fictional, illustrative cases and three reactions whose rates are of current interest. Results. The effect of correlations in resonance energies depends on the specific reaction cross section and temperatures considered. When several resonances contribute equally to a reaction rate, and when they are located on either side of the Gamow peak, correlations between their energies dilute their effect on reaction rate uncertainties. If they are both located above or below the maximum of the Gamow peak, however, correlations between their resonance energies can increase the reaction rate uncertainties. This effect can be hard to predict for complex reactions with wide and narrow resonances contributing to the reaction rate

Transfer Reactions As a Tool in Nuclear Astrophysics

International audienceNuclear reaction rates are one of the most important ingredients in describing how stars evolve. The study of the nuclear reactions involved in different astrophysical sites is thus mandatory to address most questions in nuclear astrophysics. Direct measurements of the cross-sections at stellar energies are very challenging - if at all possible. This is essentially due to the very low cross-sections of the reactions of interest (especially when it involves charged particles), and/or to the radioactive nature of many key nuclei. In order to overcome these difficulties, various indirect methods such as the transfer reaction method at energies above or near the Coulomb barrier are used to measure the spectroscopic properties of the involved compound nucleus that are needed to calculate cross-sections or reaction rates of astrophysical interest. In this review, the basic features of the transfer reaction method and the theoretical concept behind are first discussed, then the method is illustrated with recent performed experimental studies of key reactions in nuclear astrophysics