Antimicrobial Resistance Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Oral Streptococci Strains From High-risk Endocarditis Patients

This study sought to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylcoccus aureus and viridans group streptococci strains collected from the forearm skin and saliva of 30 patients at high risk of endocarditis. Agar susceptibility tests of antibiotics routinely utilized in dentistry were used to verify antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains. Of the Staphylcoccus aureus strains, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, 53.3% to amoxicillin, 60.0% to penicillin G, 13.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate, 20.0% to azithromycin, 27.6% to clarithromycin, 23.3% to erythromycin, 3.3% to cefazolin, and 6.7% to clindamycin. Regarding streptococci, 16.7% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 16.7% to amoxicillin, 23.3% to azithromycin, 23.3% to clarithromycin, 30.0% to erythromycin, 13.3% to cefazolin, 26.7% to clindamycin, 16.7% to penicillin G, and 3.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. 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Avaliação econômica do confinamento de novilhos de origem leiteira, alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado e de cama de frango Economic evaluation of feedlot dairy crossbred bulls fed diets with different concentrate and broiler litter levels

Foram confinados 24 bezerros mestiços Holandês x Zebu, machos não-castrados, com peso médio inicial de 75 kg e final de 215 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar o custo de produção. Os animais foram alimentados com capim-elefante de 30 a 45 dias de idade, concentrado à base de farelo de soja, fubá de milho, farinha de carne, mistura mineral e cama de frango, sendo constituídos os tratamentos: 1 = 50% volumoso e 50% concentrado; 2 = 50% volumoso, 35% de concentrado e 15% de cama de frango; 3 = 25% de volumoso e 75% concentrado; e 4 = 25% de volumoso, 52,5% de concentrado e 22,5% de cama de frango, na base da matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com seis repetições. A análise da renda bruta, dos custos e do lucro indicou que o lucro foi negativo em todos os tratamentos, quando o preço de venda da carne produzida foi igual ao preço do boi gordo. Entretanto, quando foram mantidos os mesmos custos (custo operacional efetivo e custo operacional total) e elevado em 10% o preço de venda do quilo de carne produzida, em relação ao preço do quilo de carne de boi gordo, todos os tratamentos apresentaram lucro, sendo destacados os tratamentos 2 e 3, com R$0,042 e R$ 0,03 por quilo de carne produzida e retorno sobre capital investido de 14,20 e 14,64%/ano, respectivamente. A variação no preço do concentrado, de R$0,26 a 0,20/kg, causou maior impacto no custo operacional efetivo do tratamento 3 e menor no tratamento 2, proporcionando lucro e retorno sobre capital o investido para todos os tratamentos, a partir da relação 7,62:1 entre preço do concentrado x preço da carne. As simulações mostraram que o tratamento 2 foi economicamente mais vantajoso, visto que gerou melhor relação custo/benefício para as condições do presente trabalho.<br>Twenty-four Holstein crossbred young bulls, with 75 kg initial average weight and 215 kg final average weight, were confined in a feedlot. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the production cost. The animals were fed elephant grass with 30 to 45 days of age, soybean meal, corn meal, meat meal and mineral mix basal concentrate, and broiler litter, which constituted the treatments: 1 = 50$ 0.042 and R$0.03 per kilo of produced meat and return on the invested capital of 14.20 and 14.64$/kg, caused larger impact in the effective operational cost of treatment 3 and smaller in treatment 2, providing profit and return on the invested capital for all treatments, based on the 7.62:1 relationship between concentrate price x meat price. The simulations showed that treatment 2 was economically more advantageous because it produced a better cost/benefit relationship in the conditions of the present work

Boron affects the growth and ultrastructure of castor bean plants Boro afeta o crescimento e a ultra-estrutura da mamoneira

The cultivation of oleaginous plants like the castor bean guarantees employment for agricultural families and can contribute in energy and chemical sectors, especially in the northeastern semi-arid regions of Brazil. Boron (B) deficiency is a widespread nutritional disorder despite the fact that various anthropogenic sources with high B content may increase soil B to toxic levels for plants. The present study was designed to investigate the ultrastructural effects of boron deficiency and toxicity on castor bean plants which were grown under greenhouse condition using plastic containers with 10 L of nutrient solution. Boron treatments comprised: control (no B); 0.27 mg L-1, 5.40 mg L-1 B pots (one plant per pot), tested in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The dry matter of all plant parts and B concentration were determined. Cellular ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy on samples of leaves and petioles. Dry matter yield was affected by the B absence treatment but there was no difference for the 5.4 mg L-1 B (toxic conditions) treatment. A marginal leaf burn at edge and tips of oldest leaves and absence of starch granules in chloroplasts were noted for the B toxicity treatment. The deformation of the youngest leaves, the death of the apical meristem as well as the swelling of the middle lamella, absence of starch granules in chloroplasts and petiole vessels untidily were observed in the B absent treatment. It is concluded that the production and development of castor bean plants is affected by boron deficiency, but not for boron toxicity conditions.<br>A mamoneira é uma oleaginosa com grande potencial para a geração de renda na agricultura familiar e para produção de matéria prima para a indústria química e setor energético brasileiro, especialmente em regiões do semi-árido nordestino. A deficiência de boro (B) ocorre de forma generalizada no Brasil e a aplicação excessiva deste micronutriente pode causar toxicidade. Este estudo avalia o desenvolvimento e os efeitos ultra-estruturais de deficiência e toxicidade de boro em mamoneira. O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação, com vasos de 10 L de solução nutritiva. Foram utilizados três tratamentos: testemunha (sem B); 0,27 e 5,40 mg L-1 B, uma planta por vaso, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. A produção de matéria seca de cada parte da planta foi avaliada e o teor de boro determinado. Foram observados os efeitos morfológicos e as alterações na ultra-estrutura celular nas folhas e pecíolos, através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. A produção de matéria seca da mamoneira foi afetada em condições de deficiência de boro, mas não em condições de toxicidade (5,4 mg L-1 B). Neste último tratamento foram constatadas cloroses nos bordos de folhas velhas e ausência de grânulos de amido. Na omissão de boro, as plantas apresentaram deformação de folhas novas, morte do meristema apical, engrossamento da lamela média, ausência de grânulos de amido nos cloroplastos e desorganização dos vasos condutores do pecíolo. O desenvolvimento e a produção da mamoneira são afetados em condições de deficiência de boro mas não na condição de toxicidade

Triangulação entre métodos na administração: gerando conversações paradigmáticas ou meras validações "convergentes"?

O objetivo deste artigo é buscar responder à seguinte questão: a triangulação como método tem sido utilizada nas pesquisas em administração de uma perspectiva multiparadigmática, gerando conversações entre paradigmas? Ou tem sido utilizada simplesmente no intuito de se realizar uma validação "convergente" entre os métodos na pesquisa? Para responder à questão, utilizou-se o banco de dados referente a 174 artigos que utilizaram a triangulação em três anais do EnAnpad. Esses artigos foram analisados qualitativamente para verificar de que forma a triangulação foi conduzida, a fim de investigar se a combinação se ateve apenas no nível do método, ou se atingiu o âmbito paradigmático. O posicionamento adotado pelos pesquisadores neste estudo é o de defender a importância da conversação paradigmática para lidar com os fenômenos sociais característicos das pesquisas em administração. Os resultados demonstraram que a combinação de métodos tem sido adotada principalmente no intuito de validação convergente, não implicando necessariamente conversações efetivas entre diferentes visões de mundo e de conhecimento científico. O que se observa é sua aplicação principalmente em estudos nos quais predomina, em termos epistemológicos, uma visão positivista e, em termos metodológicos, uma postura nomotética

Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks: the case of the Atlantic Forest

The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss the best methods to estimate live above ground biomass in the Atlantic Forest. The methods presented and conclusions are the products of a workshop entitled "Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks: the Case of Atlantic Rain Forest". Aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests is mainly contained in trees. Tree biomass is a function of wood volume, obtained from the diameter and height, architecture and wood density (dry weight per unit volume of fresh wood). It can be quantified by the direct (destructive) or indirect method where the biomass quantification is estimated using mathematical models. The allometric model can be site specific when elaborated to a particular ecosystem or general that can be used in different sites. For the Atlantic Forest, despite the importance of it, there are only two direct measurements of tree biomass, resulting in allometric models specific for this ecosystem. To select one or other of the available models in the literature to estimate AGB it is necessary take into account what is the main question to be answered and the ease with which it is possible to measure the independent variables in the model. Models that present more accurate estimates should be preferred. However, more simple models (those with one independent variable, usually DBH) can be used when the focus is monitoring the variation in carbon storage through the time. Our observations in the Atlantic Forest suggest that pan-tropical relations proposed by Chave et al. (2005) can be confidently used to estimated tree biomass across biomes as long as tree diameter (DBH), height, and wood density are accounted for in the model. In Atlantic Forest, we recommend the quantification of biomass of lianas, bamboo, palms, tree ferns and epiphytes, which are an important component in this ecosystem. This paper is an outcome of the workshop entitled "Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks: the Case of Atlantic Rain Forest", that was conducted at Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, between 4 and 8 December 2006 as part of the Brazilian project "Ombrophylus Dense Forest floristic composition, structure and function at the Núcleos Picinguaba and Santa Virginia of the Serra do Mar State Park", BIOTA Gradiente