Alternativas de mejora de Pinus pinaster Ait. en la zona interior de Galicia

298 p.[EN] Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) occurs naturally in a wide variety of sites around SW Europe, from typical Mediterranean climates to areas in Northern Spain and France with a strong Atlantic influence. Within its distribution range populations are strongly differentiated, showing strong adaptations to local environmental conditions. Both climates encounter each other in Galicia, where two bioclimatic regions can be differentiated: coastal and inland. The inland region is a boundary area where the Atlantic climate of the coastal region meets with the typical Mediterranean climate of Central Spain. Compared to the Atlantic coast, climate in this area has a pronounced summer drought, lower annual precipitation, and higher annual thermal oscillation. Despite the high productivity and ecological importance of maritime pine in inland Galicia, local forest reproductive material (FRM) of high genetic quality is not available for this area. Seed sources originating elsewhere and of unknown adaptation to this area are commonly used for reforestation. Looking for alternative material that performs well in the inland region has become a primary objective in order to provide immediate seed sources suitable for planting in this area.As a first approximation, we analyzed the performance of six Mediterranean provenances in three sites in the interior of Galicia seven year after planting. Provenances coming from the mildest climates grew faster but showed inferior stem form. The provenance ´ site interaction was weak, although some significant provenance rank changes were observed in the driest site. Among the tested provenances, Serranía de Cuenca showed good growth in all sites and acceptable stem form, being thus a potential recommended material for using in the area. The Albarracín origin also showed good results, with excellent stem form and acceptable growth, especially in the driest site. A combined spatial analysis allowed us to compare the tested provenances with improved materials from Coastal Galicia (GC) and Western Australia (WA) breeding programs planted in adjacent progeny trials. Although the differences were small, the Atlantic material of both breeding programs performed slightly better than the Mediterranean provenances, and represents a recommended alternative material for use in reforestation in this transitional climate region.Based on the good performance of the coastal material in the inland region, and with the aim of exploiting the genetic gains of both breeding programmes, we analyzedthe performance in field conditions of improved families of the GC and WA breeding programmes. Growth, stem characteristics and branch habit were evaluated in five progeny trials established following a coastal-to-inland gradient. Likelihood-based analyses were used to estimate genetic correlations between environments and to test statistically for causes and patterns of genotype ´ environment interaction. The results indicated that there is not sufficient evidence to subdivide Galicia into the two current deployment areas. Interaction patterns do not reveal significant differences between zones, and crossover interactions for height growth appeared both between and within areas. On the inland sites, the Atlantic improved materials clearly outperformed unimproved seedlots tested in adjacent provenance trials, suggesting the feasibility of using both the CG and WA breeding materials as sources of FRM for reforestation in inland Galicia. Of the two, the WA material showed excellent results for all traits. The inclusion of this material into the Galician maritime pine breeding population should be strongly considered.Based on the results above, and aiming to better understand the interaction patterns we integrated the whole collection of genetic trials of the GC breeding program. We analyse then plasticity patterns across regions in the GC breeding population to assess the suitability of current breeding areas and how genetic material will likely respond to future climate. Total height three and eight years after plantation was assessed in 16 trials established along the coast and in inner Galicia. Clustering of environments with similar genotypic performance, family sensitivities to climatic factors and stability analyses were performed. Sizeable genetic variation in plasticity was found among families, and crossover genotype × environment interactions were detected within and between regions. Therefore, it was unfeasible to regionalize Galicia into alternative areas of stable genotypic performance. Only the cold regime was found to noticeably underlie the array of phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions. Results suggest that previous delimitation in two breeding areas is pointless, and indicate reduced effects of a changing climate towards Mediterranean conditions on decreasing population fitness.As a final line of research, we assessed the drought response under controlled conditions of different origins of the species and their synthetic hybrids. The analysis of phenotypic plasticity of growth and biomass allocation traits allowed us distinguishing common and divergent patterns between populations. In general, plants under stress, rather than redirect their resources towards suitable structures to deal with drought suchroots, they could be showing a conservative strategy by reducing their growth investment and delaying the ontogenic progress. Besides, biomass allocation was under strong genetic control following a clear geographic pattern with population divergence that segregated populations into two main groups: i) Atlantic populations that showed increased investment in growth structures, and ii) Mediterranean populations that showed water stress tolerance strategies prioritizing root investment and a more conservative resource allocation pattern. Dominance of the mediterranean-like behaviour was also detected in the tested hybrids, since populations were grouped within the Mediterranean group whenever one of its parents had this origin. Neither of the hybrids showed a height growth higher than the GC breeding population, and only Soria-Burgos × Carballiño population had proper growth while maintaining a pattern of biomass allocation more adapted to drought, which may indicate its suitability for use in inland Galicia.[ES] El pino marítimo (Pinus pinaster Ait.) se distribuye por una amplia variedad de ambientes en el SO de Europa, desde los típicos climas Mediterráneos hasta áreas en Francia y en el Norte de España con marcada influencia oceánica. Dentro de su área de distribución natural las poblaciones aparecen altamente diferenciadas, mostrando adaptaciones locales a las condiciones ambientales. Ambos climas se encuentran en Galicia, donde se pueden distinguir dos regiones bioclimáticas: la costera y la interior. La región interior es un área fronteriza donde el clima Atlántico de la costa se encuentra con el típico clima Mediterráneo de España Central. En comparación con la costa Atlántica, el clima en esta área tiene una pronunciada sequía estival, baja precipitación anual, y más alta oscilación térmica. A pesar de la alta productividad y la importancia ecológica del Pino marítimo en el interior de Galicia, no existe material forestal de reproducción (MFR) de calidad para esta región, y frecuentemente se utiliza material de otros orígenes con dudosa adaptación. La búsqueda de material alternativo con buen comportamiento en la región interior se ha convertido en un objetivo fundamental con el fin de proporcionar de manera inmediata fuentes de semilla aptas para la plantación en esta área.Como primera aproximación, se analizó el comportamiento de seis procedencias Mediterráneas en tres sitios del interior de Galicia siete años después de la plantación. Las procedencias de los climas más suaves crecieron más rápido pero mostraron formas del fuste de peor calidad. La interacción procedencia × sitio fue débil, aunque se observaron cambios de ranking significativos en el sitio más seco. De entre las procedencias ensayadas, Serranía de Cuenca mostró buen crecimiento y forma del fuste aceptable en todos los sitios, siendo un material recomendado para ser usado en la región. El origen de Albarracín mostró también buenos resultados, con excelentes formas del fuste y crecimiento aceptable, especialmente en el sitio más seco. El análisis espacial combinado nos permitió comparar las procedencias ensayadas con materiales de los programas de mejora de Galicia-Costa (GC) y Australia Occidental (WA) plantados en los ensayos de progenie adyacentes. Aunque las diferencias fueron pequeñas, el material Atlántico de ambos programas se comportó ligeramente mejor que las procedencias Mediterráneas, suponiendo un material alternativo recomendado para su uso en repoblaciones en esta región climática de transición.En base al buen comportamiento del material costero en la región interior, y con el objetivo de aprovechar la ganancia genética de los programas de mejora de GC y WA, se analizó el comportamiento en condiciones de campo de distintas familias de ambos programas. Se evaluó el crecimiento, la calidad del fuste y la ramosidad en cinco ensayos de progenie instalados siguiendo un gradiente costa-interior. Se usaron análisis basados en la verosimilitud para estimar las correlaciones genéticas entre ambientes y para probar estadísticamente las causas y patrones de la interacción genotipo × ambiente. Los resultados indican que no existen suficientes evidencias para subdividir Galicia en las dos actuales áreas de mejora. Los patrones de interacción no revelan diferencias significativas entre zonas, y existen interacciones con cambios de ranking tanto entre como dentro de ellas. En los sitios del interior, los materiales mejorados Atlánticos superaron claramente a los lotes no mejorados probados en los ensayos de procedencias adyacentes, sugiriendo la posibilidad de usar los materiales mejorados tanto de GC como de WA como fuentes de MFR para repoblación en el interior de Galicia. De los dos, el material de WA mostró excelentes resultados para todos los caracteres por lo que debe considerarse la inclusión de este material en el programa de mejora de P. pinaster para Galicia.En base a los resultados anteriores, nos planteamos integrar la información de la colección completa de ensayos genéticos pertenecientes al programa de mejora de GC. Analizamos entonces los patrones de plasticidad a través de regiones en la población de mejora del programa para evaluar la idoneidad de las actuales áreas de mejora e indagar sobre la respuesta de este material al cambio climático. Se evaluó la altura total tres y ocho años después de la plantación en 16 ensayos establecidos tanto en la costa como en el interior de Galicia. Se analizó la agrupación de ambientes con similar comportamiento genotípico, la sensibilidad del material a los factores climáticos y la estabilidad familiar. Se encontró una considerable variación de la plasticidad entre familias, y se detectaron interacciones genotipo × ambiente dentro y entre regiones. No fue posible una regionalización alternativa de Galicia en áreas de comportamiento genotípico estable. Se encontró además que el régimen de frío fue el principal factor que moduló las respuestas fenotípicas a la variación de las condiciones ambientales. Los resultados sugieren que la delimitación previa en dos áreas de mejora no está fundamentada, y sugieren un escaso efecto del cambio climático hacia condiciones más Mediterráneas en el éxito biológico de la población.Como última línea de trabajo, se evaluó la respuesta a la sequía bajo condiciones controladas de diferentes orígenes de la especie y sus híbridos, seleccionados en un gradiente de Mediterraneidad moderada. El análisis de la plasticidad fenotípica de las variables de crecimiento y de distribución de biomasa nos permitió distinguir ciertos patrones adaptativos comunes y otros divergentes entre poblaciones. De manera general, las plantas sometidas a estrés, más que redirigir sus recursos fotosintéticos hacia las estructuras adecuadas para afrontar la sequía, podrían estar mostrando una estrategia conservadora reduciendo su inversión en crecimiento y retrasando el desarrollo ontogénico. Además el reparto de la biomasa estuvo sometido a fuerte control genético en base a un patrón geográfico con divergencia poblacional que segrego a las poblaciones en dos grupos principales: i) poblaciones de carácter Atlántico que mostraron mayor inversión en estructuras de crecimiento, y ii) poblaciones de carácter Mediterráneo que mostraron estrategias de resistencia al estrés hídrico priorizando la inversión en raíces y una distribución de recursos más conservadora. Se detecto además dominancia en el comportamiento de tipo Mediterráneo en los híbridos ensayados, ya que las poblaciones pertenecieron al grupo Mediterráneo en cuanto uno de sus parentales tuvo este origen. Ninguno de los híbridos mostró un crecimiento en altura superior al de la población de mejora de Galicia-Costa, y únicamente la población Soria-Burgos × Carballino tuvo un crecimiento adecuado mientras que mantuvo un patrón de distribución de biomasa más adaptado a la sequía, lo que podría indicar su adecuación para su uso en la zona interior de Galicia.Esta tesis ha sido financiada con proyectos concedidos por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (INIA RTA07-100-00, INIA RTA05-173 y AGL2010-18724,) y la Xunta de Galicia. (PGIDIT02PXIC50201P). Raúl de la Mata Pombo ha estado financiado por dos becas de la Xunta de Galicia para la formación en tareas investigadoras en el Centro de Investigaciones Forestales de Lourizán (Xunta de Galicia).Peer reviewe

Alternativas de mejora de Pinus pinaster Ait. en la zona interior de Galicia

298 p.[EN] Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) occurs naturally in a wide variety of sites around SW Europe, from typical Mediterranean climates to areas in Northern Spain and France with a strong Atlantic influence. Within its distribution range populations are strongly differentiated, showing strong adaptations to local environmental conditions. Both climates encounter each other in Galicia, where two bioclimatic regions can be differentiated: coastal and inland. The inland region is a boundary area where the Atlantic climate of the coastal region meets with the typical Mediterranean climate of Central Spain. Compared to the Atlantic coast, climate in this area has a pronounced summer drought, lower annual precipitation, and higher annual thermal oscillation. Despite the high productivity and ecological importance of maritime pine in inland Galicia, local forest reproductive material (FRM) of high genetic quality is not available for this area. Seed sources originating elsewhere and of unknown adaptation to this area are commonly used for reforestation. Looking for alternative material that performs well in the inland region has become a primary objective in order to provide immediate seed sources suitable for planting in this area.As a first approximation, we analyzed the performance of six Mediterranean provenances in three sites in the interior of Galicia seven year after planting. Provenances coming from the mildest climates grew faster but showed inferior stem form. The provenance ´ site interaction was weak, although some significant provenance rank changes were observed in the driest site. Among the tested provenances, Serranía de Cuenca showed good growth in all sites and acceptable stem form, being thus a potential recommended material for using in the area. The Albarracín origin also showed good results, with excellent stem form and acceptable growth, especially in the driest site. A combined spatial analysis allowed us to compare the tested provenances with improved materials from Coastal Galicia (GC) and Western Australia (WA) breeding programs planted in adjacent progeny trials. Although the differences were small, the Atlantic material of both breeding programs performed slightly better than the Mediterranean provenances, and represents a recommended alternative material for use in reforestation in this transitional climate region.Based on the good performance of the coastal material in the inland region, and with the aim of exploiting the genetic gains of both breeding programmes, we analyzedthe performance in field conditions of improved families of the GC and WA breeding programmes. Growth, stem characteristics and branch habit were evaluated in five progeny trials established following a coastal-to-inland gradient. Likelihood-based analyses were used to estimate genetic correlations between environments and to test statistically for causes and patterns of genotype ´ environment interaction. The results indicated that there is not sufficient evidence to subdivide Galicia into the two current deployment areas. Interaction patterns do not reveal significant differences between zones, and crossover interactions for height growth appeared both between and within areas. On the inland sites, the Atlantic improved materials clearly outperformed unimproved seedlots tested in adjacent provenance trials, suggesting the feasibility of using both the CG and WA breeding materials as sources of FRM for reforestation in inland Galicia. Of the two, the WA material showed excellent results for all traits. The inclusion of this material into the Galician maritime pine breeding population should be strongly considered.Based on the results above, and aiming to better understand the interaction patterns we integrated the whole collection of genetic trials of the GC breeding program. We analyse then plasticity patterns across regions in the GC breeding population to assess the suitability of current breeding areas and how genetic material will likely respond to future climate. Total height three and eight years after plantation was assessed in 16 trials established along the coast and in inner Galicia. Clustering of environments with similar genotypic performance, family sensitivities to climatic factors and stability analyses were performed. Sizeable genetic variation in plasticity was found among families, and crossover genotype × environment interactions were detected within and between regions. Therefore, it was unfeasible to regionalize Galicia into alternative areas of stable genotypic performance. Only the cold regime was found to noticeably underlie the array of phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions. Results suggest that previous delimitation in two breeding areas is pointless, and indicate reduced effects of a changing climate towards Mediterranean conditions on decreasing population fitness.As a final line of research, we assessed the drought response under controlled conditions of different origins of the species and their synthetic hybrids. The analysis of phenotypic plasticity of growth and biomass allocation traits allowed us distinguishing common and divergent patterns between populations. In general, plants under stress, rather than redirect their resources towards suitable structures to deal with drought suchroots, they could be showing a conservative strategy by reducing their growth investment and delaying the ontogenic progress. Besides, biomass allocation was under strong genetic control following a clear geographic pattern with population divergence that segregated populations into two main groups: i) Atlantic populations that showed increased investment in growth structures, and ii) Mediterranean populations that showed water stress tolerance strategies prioritizing root investment and a more conservative resource allocation pattern. Dominance of the mediterranean-like behaviour was also detected in the tested hybrids, since populations were grouped within the Mediterranean group whenever one of its parents had this origin. Neither of the hybrids showed a height growth higher than the GC breeding population, and only Soria-Burgos × Carballiño population had proper growth while maintaining a pattern of biomass allocation more adapted to drought, which may indicate its suitability for use in inland Galicia.[ES] El pino marítimo (Pinus pinaster Ait.) se distribuye por una amplia variedad de ambientes en el SO de Europa, desde los típicos climas Mediterráneos hasta áreas en Francia y en el Norte de España con marcada influencia oceánica. Dentro de su área de distribución natural las poblaciones aparecen altamente diferenciadas, mostrando adaptaciones locales a las condiciones ambientales. Ambos climas se encuentran en Galicia, donde se pueden distinguir dos regiones bioclimáticas: la costera y la interior. La región interior es un área fronteriza donde el clima Atlántico de la costa se encuentra con el típico clima Mediterráneo de España Central. En comparación con la costa Atlántica, el clima en esta área tiene una pronunciada sequía estival, baja precipitación anual, y más alta oscilación térmica. A pesar de la alta productividad y la importancia ecológica del Pino marítimo en el interior de Galicia, no existe material forestal de reproducción (MFR) de calidad para esta región, y frecuentemente se utiliza material de otros orígenes con dudosa adaptación. La búsqueda de material alternativo con buen comportamiento en la región interior se ha convertido en un objetivo fundamental con el fin de proporcionar de manera inmediata fuentes de semilla aptas para la plantación en esta área.Como primera aproximación, se analizó el comportamiento de seis procedencias Mediterráneas en tres sitios del interior de Galicia siete años después de la plantación. Las procedencias de los climas más suaves crecieron más rápido pero mostraron formas del fuste de peor calidad. La interacción procedencia × sitio fue débil, aunque se observaron cambios de ranking significativos en el sitio más seco. De entre las procedencias ensayadas, Serranía de Cuenca mostró buen crecimiento y forma del fuste aceptable en todos los sitios, siendo un material recomendado para ser usado en la región. El origen de Albarracín mostró también buenos resultados, con excelentes formas del fuste y crecimiento aceptable, especialmente en el sitio más seco. El análisis espacial combinado nos permitió comparar las procedencias ensayadas con materiales de los programas de mejora de Galicia-Costa (GC) y Australia Occidental (WA) plantados en los ensayos de progenie adyacentes. Aunque las diferencias fueron pequeñas, el material Atlántico de ambos programas se comportó ligeramente mejor que las procedencias Mediterráneas, suponiendo un material alternativo recomendado para su uso en repoblaciones en esta región climática de transición.En base al buen comportamiento del material costero en la región interior, y con el objetivo de aprovechar la ganancia genética de los programas de mejora de GC y WA, se analizó el comportamiento en condiciones de campo de distintas familias de ambos programas. Se evaluó el crecimiento, la calidad del fuste y la ramosidad en cinco ensayos de progenie instalados siguiendo un gradiente costa-interior. Se usaron análisis basados en la verosimilitud para estimar las correlaciones genéticas entre ambientes y para probar estadísticamente las causas y patrones de la interacción genotipo × ambiente. Los resultados indican que no existen suficientes evidencias para subdividir Galicia en las dos actuales áreas de mejora. Los patrones de interacción no revelan diferencias significativas entre zonas, y existen interacciones con cambios de ranking tanto entre como dentro de ellas. En los sitios del interior, los materiales mejorados Atlánticos superaron claramente a los lotes no mejorados probados en los ensayos de procedencias adyacentes, sugiriendo la posibilidad de usar los materiales mejorados tanto de GC como de WA como fuentes de MFR para repoblación en el interior de Galicia. De los dos, el material de WA mostró excelentes resultados para todos los caracteres por lo que debe considerarse la inclusión de este material en el programa de mejora de P. pinaster para Galicia.En base a los resultados anteriores, nos planteamos integrar la información de la colección completa de ensayos genéticos pertenecientes al programa de mejora de GC. Analizamos entonces los patrones de plasticidad a través de regiones en la población de mejora del programa para evaluar la idoneidad de las actuales áreas de mejora e indagar sobre la respuesta de este material al cambio climático. Se evaluó la altura total tres y ocho años después de la plantación en 16 ensayos establecidos tanto en la costa como en el interior de Galicia. Se analizó la agrupación de ambientes con similar comportamiento genotípico, la sensibilidad del material a los factores climáticos y la estabilidad familiar. Se encontró una considerable variación de la plasticidad entre familias, y se detectaron interacciones genotipo × ambiente dentro y entre regiones. No fue posible una regionalización alternativa de Galicia en áreas de comportamiento genotípico estable. Se encontró además que el régimen de frío fue el principal factor que moduló las respuestas fenotípicas a la variación de las condiciones ambientales. Los resultados sugieren que la delimitación previa en dos áreas de mejora no está fundamentada, y sugieren un escaso efecto del cambio climático hacia condiciones más Mediterráneas en el éxito biológico de la población.Como última línea de trabajo, se evaluó la respuesta a la sequía bajo condiciones controladas de diferentes orígenes de la especie y sus híbridos, seleccionados en un gradiente de Mediterraneidad moderada. El análisis de la plasticidad fenotípica de las variables de crecimiento y de distribución de biomasa nos permitió distinguir ciertos patrones adaptativos comunes y otros divergentes entre poblaciones. De manera general, las plantas sometidas a estrés, más que redirigir sus recursos fotosintéticos hacia las estructuras adecuadas para afrontar la sequía, podrían estar mostrando una estrategia conservadora reduciendo su inversión en crecimiento y retrasando el desarrollo ontogénico. Además el reparto de la biomasa estuvo sometido a fuerte control genético en base a un patrón geográfico con divergencia poblacional que segrego a las poblaciones en dos grupos principales: i) poblaciones de carácter Atlántico que mostraron mayor inversión en estructuras de crecimiento, y ii) poblaciones de carácter Mediterráneo que mostraron estrategias de resistencia al estrés hídrico priorizando la inversión en raíces y una distribución de recursos más conservadora. Se detecto además dominancia en el comportamiento de tipo Mediterráneo en los híbridos ensayados, ya que las poblaciones pertenecieron al grupo Mediterráneo en cuanto uno de sus parentales tuvo este origen. Ninguno de los híbridos mostró un crecimiento en altura superior al de la población de mejora de Galicia-Costa, y únicamente la población Soria-Burgos × Carballino tuvo un crecimiento adecuado mientras que mantuvo un patrón de distribución de biomasa más adaptado a la sequía, lo que podría indicar su adecuación para su uso en la zona interior de Galicia.Esta tesis ha sido financiada con proyectos concedidos por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (INIA RTA07-100-00, INIA RTA05-173 y AGL2010-18724,) y la Xunta de Galicia. (PGIDIT02PXIC50201P). Raúl de la Mata Pombo ha estado financiado por dos becas de la Xunta de Galicia para la formación en tareas investigadoras en el Centro de Investigaciones Forestales de Lourizán (Xunta de Galicia).Peer reviewe

Effects of insularity on insect leaf herbivory and chemical defences in a Mediterranean oak species

Aim Research on plant–herbivore interactions has shown that islands typically have low abundances and diversity of herbivores because of barriers to dispersal, isolation and reduced land area. Islands commonly have lower levels of herbivory relative to mainland regions, and, as a consequence, insular plants should exhibit lower levels of defences than their mainland counterparts. Despite these predictions, there are significant gaps in our understanding of insularity effects on plant–herbivore interactions. For instance, most work addressing the effects of insularity on plant–herbivore interactions have compared one or a few islands with a single mainland site. In addition, studies have measured herbivory or plant defences but not both, and the influence of abiotic factors has been neglected. Location Mediterranean Basin (from Spain to Greece). Taxon Quercus ilex L. Methods We conducted a large‐scale study to investigate whether insect leaf herbivory and plant chemical defences in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) differ between insular versus mainland populations. We further investigated mechanisms by which insularity effects on herbivory may take place by assessing the influence of defences and climatic variables on herbivory. Results We found that insular populations exhibited lower herbivory and higher defences (condensed tannins) than their mainland counterparts. Our analyses, however, suggest that these concomitant patterns of insect herbivory and plant defences were seemingly unrelated as island versus mainland differences in defences did not account for the observed pattern in herbivory. Furthermore, climatic factors did not explain insularity effects on either herbivory or plant defences. Main conclusions Overall, this study provides one of the most robust assessments to date on insularity effects on herbivory and builds towards a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of plant–insect interactions in insular ecosystems.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Effects of insularity on insect leaf herbivory and chemical defences in a Mediterranean oak species

Aim Research on plant–herbivore interactions has shown that islands typically have low abundances and diversity of herbivores because of barriers to dispersal, isolation and reduced land area. Islands commonly have lower levels of herbivory relative to mainland regions, and, as a consequence, insular plants should exhibit lower levels of defences than their mainland counterparts. Despite these predictions, there are significant gaps in our understanding of insularity effects on plant–herbivore interactions. For instance, most work addressing the effects of insularity on plant–herbivore interactions have compared one or a few islands with a single mainland site. In addition, studies have measured herbivory or plant defences but not both, and the influence of abiotic factors has been neglected. Location Mediterranean Basin (from Spain to Greece). Taxon Quercus ilex L. Methods We conducted a large‐scale study to investigate whether insect leaf herbivory and plant chemical defences in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) differ between insular versus mainland populations. We further investigated mechanisms by which insularity effects on herbivory may take place by assessing the influence of defences and climatic variables on herbivory. Results We found that insular populations exhibited lower herbivory and higher defences (condensed tannins) than their mainland counterparts. Our analyses, however, suggest that these concomitant patterns of insect herbivory and plant defences were seemingly unrelated as island versus mainland differences in defences did not account for the observed pattern in herbivory. Furthermore, climatic factors did not explain insularity effects on either herbivory or plant defences. Main conclusions Overall, this study provides one of the most robust assessments to date on insularity effects on herbivory and builds towards a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of plant–insect interactions in insular ecosystems.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Multiresidue analytical method for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage and sewage sludge by online direct immersion SPME on-fiber derivatization – GCMS

Producción CientíficaThe work here presented aimed at developing an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 22 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including 3 transformation products, in sewage and sludge. A meticulous method optimization, involving an experimental design, was carried out. The developed method was fully automated and consisted of the online extraction of 17 mL of water sample by Direct Immersion Solid Phase MicroExtraction followed by On-fiber Derivatization coupled to Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (DI-SPME – On-fiber Derivatization – GC – MS). This methodology was validated for 12 of the initial compounds as a reliable (relative recoveries above 90% for sewage and 70% for sludge; repeatability as %RSD below 10% in all cases), sensitive (LODs below 20 ng L−1 in sewage and 10 ng g−1 in sludge), versatile (sewage and sewage-sludge samples up to 15,000 ng L−1 and 900 ng g−1, respectively) and green analytical alternative for many medium-tech routine laboratories around the world to keep up with both current and forecast environmental regulations requirements. The remaining 10 analytes initially considered showed insufficient suitability to be included in the final method. The methodology was successfully applied to real samples generated in a pilot scale sewage treatment reactor.Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref.VA067U16 and UIC71)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Projects CTM2015-70722-R and Red NOVEDAR

Asociación de tipología familiar y disfuncionalidad en familias con adolescentes de una población mexicana

AdolescenteResumenObjetivo: Determinar la asociación entre tipología y disfuncionalidad familiar en familias mexi-canas con adolescentes.Dise˜no: Estudio observacional de tipo transversal.Emplazamiento y participantes: Cuatrocientas treinta y siete familias con adolescentes inscri-tos en una escuela secundaria pública de una población mexicana.Mediciones principales: Determinación de la tipología familiar (Consejo y Consenso Mexicanode Medicina Familiar) y la funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar) en adolescentes y suspadres/tutores. Identificación de las familias con percepciones concordantes entre miembros(kappa de Cohen), en las cuales se determinó la asociación entre tipología y percepción dedisfuncionalidad familiar (odds ratio [OR]).Resultados: Los tipos de familias están asociados con la funcionalidad familiar por parentesco,presencia física en el hogar y el nivel de pobreza familiar. Desde la percepción del adolescente,se asocian los tipos: nuclear simple (OR 0,5, IC 95% 0,3-0,8), monoparental extendida (OR 1,9,IC 95% 1,03-3,5), núcleo integrado (OR 0,6, IC 95% 0,4-0,9), pobreza familiar baja (OR 0,5, IC95% 0,3-0,8) y pobreza familiar alta (OR 5,3, IC 95% 1,5-18,6). Desde la percepción del tutor:la monoparental (OR 1,9, IC 95% 1,09-3,4) y de pobreza familiar alta (OR 2 9, IC 95% 1,1-7,7).Hubo 259 familias con percepción concordante de funcionalidad/disfuncionalidad familiar conun � = 0,189, determinando que los tipos asociados son: la nuclear simple (OR 0,4, IC 95% 0,2-0,7), monoparental (OR 1,7, IC 95% 0,80-3,8), núcleo integrado (OR 0,5, IC 95% 0,3-0,8), núcleono integrado (OR 1,9, IC 95% 1,09-3,5) y pobreza familiar alta (OR 13,8, IC 95% 1,7-108,5). Conclusión: Los tipos de familia con adolescentes asociadas con disfuncionalidad familiar sonlas monoparentales, las de núcleo no integrado y aquellas con pobreza familiar alta, y comofactores de protección, la nuclear simple y con núcleo integrado

Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees

Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban versus rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g. between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak Quercus robur by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant–herbivore interactions.This research was financially supported by a Spanish National Research Grant (AGL2015-70748-R), a Regional Government of Galicia Grant (IN607D 2016/001) and the Ramón y Cajal Research Programme (RYC-2013-13230).Peer reviewe

Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees

Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban versus rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g. between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak Quercus robur by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO 2 emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO 2 emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO 2 levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant–herbivore interactions.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy for breast cancer: Preferences amongst radiation oncologists from countries in Latin America and the Caribbean

Background: The safety and effectiveness of moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy for breast cancer were demonstrated by several trials. This study aimed to evaluate the current patterns of practice and prescription preference about moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy to assess possible aspects that affect the decision-making process regarding the use of fractionation in breast cancer patients in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We also aimed to identify factors that can restrain the utilization of moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy for breast cancer. Materials an methods: Radiation oncologists from LAC were invited to contribute to this study. A 38-question survey was used to evaluate their opinions. Results: A total of 173 radiation oncologists from 13 countries answered the questionnaire. The majority of respondents (84.9%) preferred moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy as their first choice in cases of whole breast irradiation. Whole breast plus regional nodal irradiation, post-mastectomy (chest wall and regional nodal irradiation) without reconstruction, and post-mastectomy (chest wall and regional node irradiation) with reconstruction hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy was preferred by 72.2% 71.1%, and 53.7% of respondents, respectively. Breast cancer stage, and flap-based breast reconstruction were the factors associated with absolute contraindications for the use of hypofractionated schedules. Conclusion: Even though moderately hypofractionated post-operative radiation therapy for breast cancer is considered a new standard to the vast majority of the patients, its unrestricted application in clinical practice across LAC still faces reluctance