GAMLSS: a distributional regression approach

A tutorial of the generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) is given here using two examples. GAMLSS is a general framework for performing regression analysis where not only the location (e.g., the mean) of the distribution but also the scale and shape of the distribution can be modelled by explanatory variables

Statistical methods for identifying anisotropy in the Spodoptera frugiperda spatial distribution

Corn is a very important agricultural product, however, some pests may cause damage to the corn productivity such as Spodoptera frugiperda, which prevents the plant from growing in a regular manner. Since the indiscriminate use of the pesticide may cause an increasing resistance of the insect besides an environmental damage, it is important to estimate the areas and the dominant directions where the insect may propagate. The main aim of this work was to study the spreading of the fall armyworm in a commercial agricultural area in the South of Brazil. For this, we considered a set including the location of each corn plant attacked by the insect. In particular, we assumed that the spatial locations given by the geographic coordinates constitute a spatial point pattern following a stationary Poisson point process. In order to detect the presence of possible dominant directions in the distribution of the fall armyworm infestation we studied the anisotropic features of the data by using some second-order spatial point-pattern analysis techniques such as the K directional test, the wavelet-based test, and the quadrat counting test. All the results showed that spatial distribution of fall armyworm may follow a clustered Poisson point process with the presence of an evident anisotropy mainly due to the shape and the distance between corn plants of the experimental area. These preliminary results could be used for reducing and optimizing the use of pesticides with a consequent decrease of the environmental impact

Gaussian Markov random field spatial models in GAMLSS

This paper describes the modelling and fitting of Gaussian Markov random field spatial components within a Generalized Additive-Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) model. This allows modelling of any or all the parameters of the distribution for the response variable using explanatory variables and spatial effects. The response variable distribution is allowed to be a non-exponential family distribution. A new package developed in R to achieve this is presented. We use Gaussian Markov random fields to model the spatial effect in Munich rent data and explore some features and characteristics of the data. The potential of using spatial analysis within GAMLSS is discussed. We argue that the flexibility of parametric distributions, ability to model all the parameters of the distribution and diagnostic tools of GAMLSS provide an ideal environment for modelling spatial features of data

Principal component regression in GAMLSS applied to Greek-German government bond yield spreads

A solution to the problem of having to deal with a large number of interrelated explanatory variables within a generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) is given here using as an example the Greek-German government bond yield spreads from the 25th of April 2005 to the 31th of March 2010. Those were turbulent financial years, and in order to capture the spreads behaviour, a model has to be able to deal with the complex nature of the financial indicators used to predict the spreads. Fitting a model, using principal components regression of both main and first order interaction terms, for all the parameters of the assumed distribution of the response variable seems to produce promising results

Integrated transcriptomics establish macrophage polarization signatures and have potential applications for clinical health and disease

Growing evidence defines macrophages (Mφ) as plastic cells with wide-ranging states of activation and expression of different markers that are time and location dependent. Distinct from the simple M1/M2 dichotomy initially proposed, extensive diversity of macrophage phenotypes have been extensively demonstrated as characteristic features of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, highlighting the difficulty of defining complex profiles by a limited number of genes. Since the description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing, the generation of a simple and reliable framework to categorize major Mφ phenotypes in the context of complex clinical conditions would be extremely relevant to unravel different roles played by these cells in pathophysiological scenarios. In the current study, we integrated transcriptome data using bioinformatics tools to generate two macrophage molecular signatures. We validated our signatures in in vitro experiments and in clinical samples. More importantly, we were able to attribute prognostic and predictive values to components of our signatures. Our study provides a framework to guide the interrogation of macrophage phenotypes in the context of health and disease. The approach described here could be used to propose new biomarkers for diagnosis in diverse clinical settings including dengue infections, asthma and sepsis resolution

Detección de leptospiras patógenas en tejido renal de murciélagos de Corrientes, Argentina

Existen muchos animales que participan en la transmisión de diferentes serovares de leptospiras. Los murciélagos han acrecentado su presencia en zonas urbanas; este cambio de hábitat se atribuye a razones de origen antropogénico y ha elevado las probabilidades de contacto entre quirópteros, seres humanos y animales domésticos. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar, mediante una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR sencilla), la infección natural de especies de leptospiras patógenas en quirópteros colectados durante los años 2010 a 2012 en la ciudad de Corrientes. Para la captura se utilizaron redes de mano y trampas balde. La identificación de los quirópteros se efectuó en base a su características fenotípicas y morfométricas, determinándose la presencia de ejemplares de tres de las cuatro familias existentes en Argentina. Los animales fueron sacrificados bajo anestesia de hidrato de cloral 20%, obteniéndose muestras de tejido renal. Se realizó el procedimiento de extracción de ácido desoxirribonucleico; se amplificaron 2 genes en PCR sencillas separadas, un gen mitocondrial, mt DNA 12S/16S como control de especie y luego, en las mismas muestras, se amplificó parte de los genes LipL32. Se detectó presencia de ADN de leptospiras en el 20% de los quirópteros, siendo éste el primer hallazgo por PCR publicado para murciélagos del país. Revelar la presencia de ADN de leptospiras resulta de gran importancia, debido a su utilidad en los casos en que la búsqueda molecular del patógeno ha sido no detectable

Improving IBD diagnosis and monitoring by understanding preanalytical, analytical and biological fecal calprotectin variability

BACKGROUND: The appropriate clinical use of fecal calprotectin (fCal) might be compromised by incomplete harmonization between assays and within- and between-subjects variability. Our aim was to investigate the analytical and biological variability of fCal in order to provide tools for interpreting fCal in the clinical setting. METHODS: Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and storage time on fCal. Thirty-nine controls were enrolled to verify biological variability, and a case-control study was conducted on 134 controls and 110 IBD patients to compare the clinical effectiveness of three different fCal assays: ELISA, CLIA and turbidimetry. RESULTS: A 12% decline in fCal levels was observed within 24 h following stool collection irrespective of storage temperature. Samples were unstable following a longer storage time interval at room temperature. Within- and between-subjects fCal biological variability, at 31% and 72% respectively, resulted in a reference change value (RCV) in the region of 100%. fCal sensitivity in distinguishing between controls and IBD patients is satisfactory (68%), and the specificity high (93%) among young (<65 years), but not among older ( 6565 years) subjects (ROC area: 0.584; 95% CI: 0.399-0.769). Among the young, assays have different optimal thresholds (120 \u3bcg/g for ELISA, 50 \u3bcg/g for CLIA and 100 \u3bcg/g for turbidimetry). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend a standardized preanalytical protocol for fCal, avoiding storage at room temperature for more than 24 h. Different cutoffs are recommended for different fCal assays. In monitoring, the difference between two consecutive measurements appears clinically significant when higher than 100%, the fCal biological variability-derived RCV

Detección de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis en gato doméstico de Corrientes, Argentina, por técnicas de biología molecular

Ruiz, R.M.; Ramírez, N.N.; Alegre, A.E.; Bastiani, C.E.; De Biasio, M.B.: Detección de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis en gato doméstico de Corrientes, Argentina, por técnicas de biología molecular. Rev vet 26: 2, 147-150, 2015

Detección y diferenciación molecular de Leptospira sp. utilizando diferentes técnicas de extracción de ADN

Existen diversas estrategias diagnósticas para identificar leptospiras, siendo la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) una técnica de alta sensibilidad y especificidad. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo optimizar técnicas de extracción de ADN a partir de cultivos bacterianos y establecer condiciones de PCR multiplex para diferenciar leptospiras saprófitas de patógenas. Para ello se ensayaron técnicas de bromuro de cetiltrimetil amonio (CTAB) y hervido (boiling). Se analizaron dos secuencias de ácidos nucleicos, correspondientes a una fracción de un gen conservado en ambos grupos de bacterias (ARNr 16S) y otra procedente de una fracción de un gen (LipL32) presente sólo en especies de leptospiras patógenas, las cuales dieron amplicones de 474 y 430 pb respectivamente, utilizándose como controles positivos de amplificación muestras de cultivos bacterianos de Leptospira icteroahemorragiae, L. canicola y apatógena (Patoc I), utilizando agua como control negativo. Se concluyó que no existen diferencias en la perdurabilidad del ADN extraído a partir de cepas de referencia al comparar el método de digestión con el detergente CTAB y el de boiling y sus variantes. Considerando el más bajo costo y menor tiempo de desarrollo, este último resultó la mejor alternativa para la obtención de moldes para amplificación por PCR

Fatigue strength of common tibial intramedullary nail distal locking screws

Premature failure of either the nail and/or locking screws with unstable fracture patterns may lead to angulation, shortening, malunion, and IM nail migration. Up to thirty percent of all unreamed nail locking screws can break after initial weight bearing is allowed at 8–10 weeks if union has not occurred. The primary problem this presents is hardware removal during revision surgery. The purposes of our study was to evaluate the relative fatigue resistance of distal locking screws and bolts from representative manufacturers of tibial IM nail systems, and develop a relative risk assessment of screws and materials used. Evaluations included quantitative and qualitative measures of the relative performance of these screws